Htc Introduction Essay Example for Free

Htc Introduction EssayHTC quickly emerged on the smartphone scene with the remarkable success of The Sense, one of its premier models, and broke many industry sales records. People were asking, Who is HTC? Our research indicates that HTCs rapid rise to success was because of innovation and technological capabilities. Even though the HTC brand was not widely recognized, its smartphones were generating interest. In our primary research, we discovered that some people owned an HTC phone but did not know that HTC was the manufacturer. Obviously, brand awareness was relatively low.For HTC to tour relevant in the hypercompetitive smartphone industry, it needs serious revamping of its marting visualise. With smartphone market penetration increasing to more than 20 percent in the past five eld and reaching 46. 8 percent in Q3 2011, HTC has tremendous opportunities to establish a solid market position. After examining the market conditions and current HTC performance in the U. S. , our police squad proposes that HTC position itself as a technological leader by targeting consumers ages 18 to 34. This promising segment has potential sales of $2. 5 million.We analyzed the industry and examined outside factors that could impact HTCs bottom line. This analysis gave us crucial insight into the smartphone market. We also analyzed the competitive environment that includes Apple, Motorola, and RIM (Blackberry). HTC, which has a positive reputation on the merits of its technology, needs to boldly differentiate itself in the marketplace. Through market analysis, we discovered that HTC has a strong market size, market potential, and distinct target markets. We recommend that HTC abbreviate specific steps through segmenting, targeting, and positioning to execute its marketing plan.We are confident that our plan can increase HTCs market share by 2 percent each year. By the end of 2012, our marketing objective is to reach a 24 percent market share of the smartphone indust ry, which equals 18. 7 million HTC customers. The plan includes recommendations and precautions at distribution channels so that HTC differentiates itself from the other brands. We developed a budget for the marketing plan and devised procedures to monitor each effort in mark to reach our projected market share increase. We are confident that our marketing plan can take HTC from an emerging brand to a dominant market leader.

Ronald Reagan and Free

Ronald Reagan and Free Market Economy EssayThe real role of establishment in relation to the frugality is a lot wish well the role of the captain of a sailboat If he has rigged the sails correctly, the ship will steer itself.Reagan used supply-side economic policies to change the way the unite States looked at the deliverance. His policies, regardless of standpoint, were a huge change from the prior decades. Reagan promised real change and actually delivered on it.The economic policies of Ronald Reagans administration accomplished the administrations four study policy objectives reduce the development of government expenditure reduce the marginal tax rates on income from both labor and capital reduce regulation and reduce inflation. The United States Federal Government needs to adopt these policies again to get the country out of impression and back on track.Princetons lexical database defines supply-side political economy as the school of economic theory that stresse s the costs of production as a means of stimulating the economy advocates policies that raise capital and labor sidetrack by increasing the incentive to produce (Princeton). Policies like these were implemented infra Ronald Reagan. Critics often called the policies Reaganomics, however, supporters have adopted the term as a positive reference. At this point, the terms are used interchangeably (Uchitelle).Economics stems back to the dawn of centralized coin in the s change surfaceth century BC. During the past few one C years, economics has become an important part of civilization especially since the emergence of the free market economy. The implementation and maintenance of these economies may be more difficult, just the freedom they provide is priceless. The debate of Reaganomics has been present since Reagan began his election campaign. M whatever criticized his policies and still do today.The debate of supply-side economics is based on whether Reagans policies worked. Stat istics show his progress was cover and undenicapable, but still many put up remain doubtful, and many others claim that big government should micro deal the economy, at the cost of freedom. The basis of the American economy and slipway of thinking, financially, act on the principals of laissez-faire, a term which translates to let it happen. This theory states that government has three roles and wholly three roles that a government should protect the peoples decline to own proportion maintain a stable currency and provide for the public defense (McFall). That means that government need non be very large. Although some do non agree with these principles, they are the ones the country was founded on.Some believe that the government should interfere with the economy and provide for every individual through programs such as public health care. Those people believe that the wealthy should pay more taxes and the less wealthy should pay less in other words, the wealthy should be giving away their bullion to those who do not have as much. They also believe in generally high taxes to pay for the programs they support, which benefit besides lower income families. This side is considered the liberal view on the economy and government. Others believe that supply and demand, the free market economy as a whole, will manage itself. The more government interferes, the worse off everyone is. They believe in low taxes and a small government which serves only those three roles of government described under laissez-faire. This is considered the conservative view. Reagan himself held this view.Reagans biggest problem, which hurts how supply-side economics is perceived to this day, was his inability to produce a balanced budget within his presidency, to put it frankly, Reagan fagged too much money. For any government to work, its spending must balance out with its income. This is also true for people and businesses. If a government spends more than it takes in, it fall s into debt. If that problem is not corrected, the deficits arrive to add up, increasing the debt. During his campaign, Reagan promised he would cut taxes, get control of government spending, and get government out of the way of American businesses (Second Revolution). Unfortunately, he was only able to deliver on part of his promise. chairperson Reagan did not get government spending under control like the American people wanted. He spent massive amounts of money on defense and created a deficit, the likes of which had not been seen since the Second World War. USA Today published an article in 2004 stating, Federal spending as a share of the economy was at about the same level in 1988 as in 1981 (Kirchhoff 2), which shows that although Reagan did not increase spending, he did not decrease it either. Jason Furman, director of the Hamilton Project at Brookings Institution elaborated, If you are cutting taxes without offsetting the cuts through reductions in spending, then all you ar e doing is increasing debt and postponing the taxes (Uchitelle), which makes perfect sense. If the income of the government is cut, then so must be its expenditure. If Reagan had been able to cut his spending directed towards the military, then his budget deficit would have been cut dramatically.A invention with a defense budget as ridiculous as his would not be even slightly justifiable today however, the times were different then. It is observe that Reagan ended the Cold War. Without his spending on projects such as the Strategic Defense Initiative, the Cold War could very well be going on today, or worse, it could have gone the way of nuclear warfare. Reagans spending, although it was over the top, can be justified. Without it, America, and the rest of the world, might not be standing today. set about with the Cold War and armed with a love for his country, he was compelled to increase defense spending. Unlike President Jimmy Carter, Reagan was willing to make tough decisions a nd cash in ones chips progressing towards real peace. At the time Reagan was President, the country was still locked in a Cold War with the Soviet Union. His military spending was very much influenced by this war and the nuclear arms race surrounding it. He took a new, outside-of-the-box approach to the race. Instead of a bigger and better rocket, he opted for a missile defense system that would shoot down incoming nuclear threats (Reagan). His actions and others ended the Cold War and the threat of worldwide nuclear annihilation.President Reagans administration move over record deficits to Presidents Bush and Clinton. Reagans Vice President, George H. W. Bush, shared Reagans views on how to treat an economy and a government however, President Clinton disagreed and begun reverting the policies of the administration past, under the assurance that the supply-side policies were not working. The truth is they were working, but the excessively poor state of the economy slowed progres s and real benefits of Reagans supply-side policies were not seen until well after their implementation. Then, during his presidency, Clinton turned up a budget surplus (Weisenthal). This surplus is thought to be his biggest accomplishment and proof that Reagans take on the economy was not working.This surplus was a curse, not a ray of hope. It ruined any chance the American economy had for returning to a stable state. Clintons administration sucked more money out of the economy than the economy could bear (Weisenthal) and it exacerbated the way of life for every American living in the United States today. Interest rates on personal savings plummeted, household debt soared, and the U.S. consider deficit worsened intensely over the eight years Clinton wreaked havoc in the White House (Weisenthal). Stephanie Kelton, an Economics professor at the University of Missouri claims, we are still suffering the harmful effects of the Clinton budget surpluses, and the data shows that she is co rrect.Taxes are an extremely controversial issue when it comes to supply-side economics. The premise that lowering taxes increases tax revenue is not the easiest to grasp, especially when the revenue never really comes around. Although the economy was growing vigorously, many claim, the promised boon in tax revenue never materialized (Uchitelle). The left wing media and politicians would like to believe that what followed Clintons actions was, in the words of Gene Sperling, an advisor to both Hillary and Bill, the longest recovery in history (Uchitelle). However, in the years following President Clintons land tenure with stagflation at an all-time high and the worst depression since the Great Depression in full swing, it is now apparent that it was not that at all, but sort of only economic turmoil in the works.The lack of tax revenue can be explained by the delay caused by the abhorrent state of the economy preceding Reagans presidency. By the time the tax boon was going to come around, the Clinton administration scared the American public back into the old mentality of antitank saving and economic stagflation, especially with the wealthy. However dreary the tax revenue may have seemed, it was still a 5.6% increase over the course of Reagans presidency, jibe to the White House Office of Management and Budget (Uchitelle).Aside from transfers, such as Social Security payout and dividends from investments, from which most citizens are not receiving income from,wages are the only way for consumers to earn money (Evans). This makes it a very delicate item to tamper with, especially when the government is taking more money out of the pockets of its citizens. President Reagan completely changed the way people think about taxes. Clint Stretch, the national director of tax policy for Deloitte Touche, said, That sense that taxes are tax payers money, rather than a division the common good is somehow entitled to, and it couldnt be better said.Tax money is money dir ectly taken from the only income most citizens havetheir wages. When people make less money, they spend less money, and the economy tumbles into depression, such as the one currently looming over the United States. Reagan cut taxes dramatically. The top rate in 1980 was 70%, and the rate for a family fashioning $30,000 dollars in income was 37% (Kirchhoff 2). After tax cuts were implemented, the top rate plummeted to just 28% (Kirchhoff 2), leaving consumers more money and leaving businesses and employers more money to hire workers andbegin to move America forward.The logic behind these tax cuts is that workers would have more incentive to get to work, taking category more money for their time and effort, and that it would prompt people to start taking that extra shift or to go and get educated to make even more money. According to Kevin Hassett, director for economic policy studies at the American Enterprise Institute, What really happens is that the economy grows more vigorously when you lower tax rates, (Uchitelle) and that growth triggers more cash to flow through Americas economy and increases tax revenue.The best support for supply-side economics is in the numbers it generates. During the Reagan presidency, 20 billion jobs were created (Second). This meant more Americans making money the old-fashioned wayby working hard. Reagan also killed rising inflation. He allowed the central bank to make the tough calls and keep a sozzled money policy that stabilized the dollar (Kirchhoff 1). If a currency is strong and stable, the economies relying on it will follow the same trend because people feel safe and sound about investing their wealth in it. When the dollar is strong, the economy is strong, but better yet, America is strong. Tight money policies kept the dollar strongby limiting currency printing and raising short-term interest rates to cut inflation from 13.5% in 1980 to 4.1% in 1988. This was key to improving the economy as a whole.Reagan relieve A merica from government control, and turned it around towards the free markets (Kirchhoff 1). The Reagan Foundation describes the situation such that, businesses and entrepreneurs were no longer hassled by their government, or paralyzed by burdensome and unnecessary regulations every time they wanted to expand (Second). As an added benefit, by the time Reaganwas out of office, prime interest rates were back down to 10% in 1988, from 21.5% in 1981 (Second), which allowed business and entrepreneurs to expand their businesses, therefore growing America.Two huge indicators for the immediate state of the economy, the Gross National Product(the total value of goods produced and go provided by a country during one year), and the Dow Jones Industrial Average (the total value of 30 of Americas most successful companies and the most widely cited indicator for the state of the stock market) (Princeton), both experienced incredible growth. GNP grew 26% during the 1980s (Second), and the Dow gr ew by 11.4% annually (Krantz). Stocks exsertd to go up after Reagan left office, something which cannot be said for Carter before him, or Clinton after (Krantz).The people saw huge benefits from these policies by the end of the 1980s, even though the government may not have. The lettuce worth of families making $20,000-$50,000 grew by 27% during the implementation of supply-side economic policies (Second). Also relating directly to the people, unemployment went from 7.6% to 5.5% (Second), a number that would be ideal to see today. Of the 20 million jobs created, more than half went to women and the employment of blacks was improved by 25% overall (Second) both of these things being extremely good indicators of the economy and extremely good indicators that supply-side economics work.The economic policies of Ronald Reagans administration accomplished the administrations four major policy objectives reduce the growth of government spending reduce the marginal tax rates on income fro m both labor and capital reduce regulation and reduce inflation. The United States Federal Government should to adopt these policies again to get the country out of depression and back on track.High inflation and soaring oil prices gave Reagan the toughest period since World War II (Uchitelle), and he did his best with what he was handed. He pushed for all the right things to fix the economy. He may have spent too much money to truly balance the supply-side economics he was attempting to fulfill, but that should not start out from the true supply-side theory, which can be proven to work through the data collected during the 1980s under Ronald Reagan. President Reagan set the tone for all Republicans to followFellow patriots, this is a call to arms. Do not let America fall any deeper than it already has. Vote for the candidates who support supply-side theory. Vote for those who wish to cause the country up, not sink it down further with stimulus packages and universal health care t hat the country cannot afford. It is not the tariff of the wealthy to support the poor. It is the duty of Americans to exercise their rights to the pursuit of happiness and financial prosperity. Redistribution of wealth carried out by a government that wishes to micromanage the economy through overregulation and taxes is not the answer to the problems the United States faces. exercise the sails and let the ship sail itself, because freedom and prosperity do not have to be on opposite ends of the spectrum. Supply-side economics work and they will continue to work in the future.Works CitedEvans, Kim.Major money flows within the U.S. economy. The American Economy. 2011 ed. Detroit Gale, 2010. Information Plus Reference Series.Gale Opposing Viewpoints In Context. Web. 18 Nov. 2012.Kirchhoff, Sue, and others. Reagan Had Lasting Impact on Worlds Economic Future.USA TODAY. 10 Jun 2004 n.p. SIRS Issues Researcher.Web. 18 Nov 2012. Krantz, Matt.Reagans Stock Success Not Unparalleled, but T ry Telling That to Traders.USA TODAY. 10 Jun 2004 n.p. SIRS Issues Researcher.Web. 18 Nov 2012. McFall, Sally. Reaganomics.Economics. Danbury, CT Grolier Educational, 2002. N. pag.Print. Princeton University intimately WordNet.WordNet.Princeton University. 2010. http//wordnet.princeton.edu The Second American Revolution Reaganomics. Reaganfoundation.Ronald Reagan Presidential Foundation and Library, 2010. Web. 18 Nov 2012. Ronald Reagan Radio Address to the Nation on the Strategic Defense Initiative ,July 13, 1985.Online by Gerhard Peters and caper T. Woolley, The American Presidency Project. http//www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=38882. Uchitelle, Louis. A Political Comeback for Supply-Side Doctrine.New York Times (New York, NY). 26 Mar 2008 n.p. SIRS Issues Researcher.Web.18 Nov 2012.Weisenthal, Joe.The Untold Story Of How Clintons Budget destruct The American Economy.Business Insider. Business Insider, 05 Sept. 2012. Web. 05 Dec. 2012.

Organizational Behavior Apple vs Scania Essay Example for Free

organisational Behavior orchard apple tree vs Scania EssayOrganizational Behavior is a field of Study which investigates the refer that individuals collections and structure have on organizations, for the purpose of applying such knowledge towards improving organization effectiveness. (Huczynsky, 2010) The way people behave individually or collectively in coiffe to reach a common goal. Organizational behavior includes in it such issues as organizational design, culture, Group finish making, teamwork and leaders. (Dictionary of Business and Management, 2009) In this bill two companies apple and Scania argon comp ared to each other in terms of their organizational behavior such as design, culture, structure leaders and etc. The cogitation is written based on the two key studies provided in the assessment and via additional sources and researches. The report starts with brief information about the gutsground of the companies. Further the companies are compared by applying theories such as Continuum leadership theory of Tannenbaum and Schmidt, Abraham Maslows theory of hierarchy of needs, Managerial control grid Leadership theory of Blake and mouton, and etc. The team-work approaches in two of the companies are highly focused, discussed and followed by recommendations.Companies background.A truly magical and revolutionary product. What this device does is extraordinary. It is the best browsing experience youve ever had It is unbelievably great A way better than laptop, way better than a Smartphone. Steve Jobs 2010We could not even imagine how our phones and computers would look like today. The bulky and considered luxury machines are now innovated and updated devices own by every single person and even few by each. One of the major roles in evolution of IT technology during all these years has the multinational American ac conjunction called Apple. Established in 1976, the company was initially named Apple computer, Inc, solely later on in 2007 i t was renamed into just Apple.The companys products are known as iPad, iPod, iPhone and Macintosh Computers or simply Mac Books. Apple has a very strong global market position as it has penetrated humankinds biggest markets. According to the data provided in 2011, Apple has 46,600 full time employees around the world and 2,800 temporary full time employees and companys gross revenue are getting higher seasonally. Meanwhile Apple is considered to be a very successful company with a very high performance eccentric of its employees. (M. A. Lusted, 2012)another(prenominal) advantageful company taken its origin in Sweden and founded in 1891 is Scania. Scania is one of the largest and best Swedish heavy truck and bus Manufacture association with globally recognized temperament. Scanias products are created just the way their nodes wish including in it Maximum use and minimum harm to the environment. Scanias products are intentional to consume less energy, less raw materials and ch emicals in order to have as lower impact on environment as possible. A long with its reputation Scania makes high profits operating in more(prenominal) than 100 countries worldwide and employing 35,000 people worldwide. (Scania web, 2012)Analysis based on theories.According to the case study provided by Robins S and Jude T.A, the hierarchy did not work in most of the companies, but it is effective in case of Apple. Was that because Steve Jobs was a unique leader who could manage the substantial company by his consistent innovative ideas? At the very beginning, Apple had a relatively flat and informal structure, but later on when Jobs was back into company in 1997, it was totally changed. If before the employees and theater directors gathered on Friday for a beer to discuss some issues and express their ideas and even complain, after the market became more gross(a) with competitors, Apple was focused on changing its structure to be able to compete, keep brand and control costs.Si nce than company improved and became a major piece of the digital world. As a result of all these, the companys plans and strategy was no longer discussed through the entire company and Jobs was the only when author of ideas proving the complete hierarchy.(Debra L. Nelson, James Campbell Quick, PH.D, 2011)Unlike Apple, Scania tens to rely less on hierarchy having a more flat company structure based on commutative groups performances with the high concern on human factors and environmental issues. For example, Scania successfully uses the Sociothechnical systems theory where manager controls the environmental factors that influence the companys internal operations and coordinates the hearty and technical subsystems. (Ricky W. Griffin, Gregory Moorhead, 2010) According to the Tannenbaum and Schmidts continuum theory of leadership behavior (1958, 1973) leaders should evaluate the situation before the implementation of a fragmentiseicular leadership styles. The continuum leadership behaviors model theory is based on earlier studies focusing on the distinction of task versus employee or human orientations and demonstrates two types of leadership styles across the continuum boss-centered (task) and subordinate-centered (relationship).( Borkowski, 2011).In the Apples situation, the decision maker or the decision seller was Steve Jobs. During the all time when Jobs was the CEO of Apple, he was often called dictator or despot. Jobs never asked anyone for feedback. However he could always instruct and simplify the capabilities of the complicated devices understandable only by its creators, he thought deviation around and asking his employees about the confusing functions of his product is useless. Instead, jobs played the device by, took notes of his reactions and considered it as the only necessary feedback required. (Leander Kahney, 2009)Whereas in Scania the entire company relies on customer feedback and development of stuff ideas so, if Apple has the structur e where every single employee is responsible for(p) only for his part of job and has no chance to play any grand role in making decisions, Scania has the structure there employees split into the groups brainstorm together on a certain idea or problem and together pick the optimal solutions. (Scania web, 2012) Based on all this we can assume that Apple is Boss-centered structured company and Scania is a more Subordinate-centered structured company. Figure 1.1 down the stairs demonstrates the locations of both Apple and Scania on a sample Continuum leadership behaviors graph.According to the graph, where Apple is closely fitted in the total boss-centered field of operations and Scania is fitted appressed to the subordinate-centered area, the two companies are totally different in their structure and leadership, but at the same time both companies are successful and globally recognized and are in their maturity state today. In another words, Apple has an Autocratic leader, where he dictates and forces his employees or even threatens them to get the result his way, unlike Scania that has participatory leader who encourages participation in decision making and considers others timbreings and seeks to satisfy most of parties.(Hungeryager and Heekman, 1967)Here comes the question Despite the hierarchy and autocratic leadership in Apple and flat structured and democratic system in Scania, how come they both being so different be able to carry out goals having high employee performance? The best answer for this question would probably be the motivation which is present in both companies but caused by different factors. earthly concern would not reach any level of development without the motivation. Abraham Maslow (1908-1970) introduced a theory focused on psychological need of employees divided into 5 levels forming a pyramid, and he believed that person needs all 5 to feel satisfied with his job. (Essentials of Management, 2009).Hierarchy Common, pyramid-lik e organization where one person is in charge of a functional area with one or more subordinates handling the sub-functions. In an hierarchical organization (whether business, military, political, or religious) higher levels imply greater superiority and domination than the lower ones, and the chain of command extends straight from the top to the bottom. (Business Dictionary web, 2012)(Image extracted from googleimage.com)While applying the following theory on Apple, it is obvious that the employees in the company are approximately on the 4th level depending on their job position. entirely in general, with the reputation that Apple has worldwide everyone would be proud to be employed by such a company and set offd by the financial aspect. In fact, the way the pyramid narrows towards up, the same way, the number of people with those facilities narrows down. Even in case of Scania, though the employees might be satisfied with their job and status, they might be also distracted by fa mily or any other personal issues which could make them feel de-motivated. Adams Equity theory states that, employees attempt to achieve some equity between comment and output, and if there is a difference between input and output, such as output less than input, the employees performance quality tends to be lower due to his/her job dis expiation. In another words, all contributions should be sanely rewarded. Going back to Apple can assume that there is a perfect balance between output and input.Having high salary makes the employees feel right about not taking any part in making decisions in fact they might feel more relaxed for not having big responsibilities. But in Scania, while taking part in discussions and decision making, employees feel more important, motivated but on the other hand they feel more responsibility pressure because in negative outcomes they all will have to share the loses. Looking at it more general, the only fact that might motivate the employees in both companies is the money. Due to the economic downturn which caused high rate of unemployment, the fact that one has a job, already makes him/her feel satisfied, but not for long. at one time people get used to their job and salary they start getting bored and de-motivated. According to Guardian 2012, many of those who worked for Apple, feels cut off from the real world, hang up in a cultural vacuum inside the walls of the company.The lack of communication with cooperatives, socializing and team-working leads to employees dissatisfaction. To avoid such errors, Scania depending on foreign labor, in order to keep high productivity level, created a humanization program which was to apply a new group assembly approach. The program was all about team-work and group decisions called Saab-Scania. The groups consisted of 5-12 people and were given the power to make decisions within the given limits. Along with deed groups Scania formed development groups each composed of foreman, industria l engineers and representatives. Such groups were responsible for innovating and developing the new working methods favorable for the employees.As a result, such team-working approach saved productivity time, increased products quality and raised job satisfaction of the employees, so since this experiment Scania finds its success in team-working structure. (A.. Rashid, 1982) Coming back to apple, one could only add, that high productivity and quality with the lack of team-working, is being reached only by having continues innovations and strong brand position, simply strong marketing. Further analyzing the case of apple we can add that, a huge multinational company where everyone is responsible only for his bit of work, simply being a tiny replaceable detail of a mechanism, and where the main responsibility is on CEO, team-working is not that important as long as the companys goals are being reached.The Managerial Grid or the grid theory now called as Leadership theory of Blake and Mouton states that there are two types of managers concern for production and concern for people , and the perfect manager would be the who could exhibits both people and production concern. The leadership grid is graded from 1 to 9 from both axes identifying 5 main types of leaders country club management, team management, middle-of-the-road management, impoverished management and authority management. (Miller, 2012) The grid looks as followRelying on the leadership grid, we can assume that Apple with the autocratic approach and higher concern on production and lower on people, is classified as a company with the Authority-Compliance Management leadership and Scania, deserving to be placed on the other side of the grid is a company with Team-management leadership, having high concern on people rather than on production. The modern team system of Scania is highly relied on cluster managers. The cluster manager is the manager who has overall responsibility for the team consisting of 20-25 employees. Each cluster consists of people with different experience and skills and trained before becoming fully operative. Often there are also small temporary teams. Thought the cluster has a manager, the employees have the sense of belonging to a team and having major role in it.A centered team-working structure helps the company to keep strong Company-oriented company culture. No one must be able to say that is not my concern, I am not responsible for that said the senior manager of the company. Although Apple cannot boast with its tem-work management Leadership as Scania, it motivates the employees providing the opportunity to get promoted from an intern into a manager. The trainings provided abandon by Apple itself makes the process much easier for the employees. In addition, small competitions such as answering the most difficult question of the customers are followed by rewards. Another important fact is that, Apple provides large job opportunity to young students em ploying them, full-time, part-time or making them student representatives at their schools. (Apple Inc.s Ethical Success and Challenges web, 2011)ConclusionWhile summing it all but, it is right to mention that, while comparing the companies and analyzing their organizational behaviors the total difference of the companies has been identified. Apple is a multinational autocratic company having high concern on production and lower concern on people, despite this it is able to motivate the employees by rewards, bonuses and promotion opportunities demonstrating itself as a fictive company challenging for innovations with the strong belief in its successful bright future and seeking for the genus employees from young generation, to take part in those innovations. The case of Apple has proved that, the employees are not pressurized by dictator, as it is expected in an Authority-Manager company, but inspired to work with such unique leaders.Scania, along with its rich Swedish culture tota lly relays on the team-working manager Leadership with the ability to balance both concern for people and production and giving the employees the chance to feel themselves part of a whole mechanism. The management in Scania believes that, every employee in the company despite the job position should feel the responsibility and share it with the collogues and feel that he/she does not work for someone, but works together with everyone. Fortunately, for Scania being further from hierarchy unlike Apple, adds advantages in terms of organizational behavior, proving the democratic structure of the company, whereas Apple proves to be really a unique company for being able to success with deep hierarchy in it.RecommendationsThought Apple is satisfied with its production and the company in whole, it should also pay attention to its employees by providing them some other activities to make them feel as a team. For example, Apple could create groups or teams responsible not for the main operat ions of the organization, but side operations or project such as charity, where the employees could take part in decision making process without the involvement of CEO. Another option for Apple could be organizing research teams with team leaders, as employees feel more motivated when they are move in the changes.Because the managers in Scania are very multinational, the company should pay attention to cultural difference of the employees. It would be very relevant to educate the cluster managers in terms of culture of the other members of the team and than sent them to the Angers plant. Obviously the expansion of company by creating more teams in Scania is advantageous on one hand, but on the other hand it makes the companys structure too sophisticated and too massive and moreover, adding a new cluster may snip the space of other clusters. That is why Clusters should be added within the limitations, or smaller groups should be created as smaller groups make better performance and make immediate decisions.ReferencesBuchanon D. Huczynsky A. (2010) Organizational behavior, 7th ed. Harlow Pearson/FT Prentice Hall Oxford, 2009, Dictionary of Business and Management, Oxford University Press, 5th ed. New YorkLeander Kahney (2009). Inside Steves Brain. US penguin GroupDebra L. Nelson, James Campbell Quick (2011). Organizational Behavior Science, the Real conception, and You. PhD Ricky W. Griffin, Gregory Moorhead (2010). Organizational Behavior Managing People and Organizations. 10th ed. US South-western Nancy Borkowski (2011). Organizational Behavior in Health Care. second ed. LLC Jones and Barlett Publishers Andrew Durbin (2009). Essentials of Management. US South-western. Anwar Rashid (1982). organizational Behavior. 2nd ed. Canada Methuen. 76-78 Katherine Miller (2012). Organizational Communication and Approaches and Processes. 6th ed. US Wadsworth. M. A. Lusted (2012). Apple The Company and its Visionary Founder, Steve Jobs. USA ABDO. 9-22 A. Preston (2012). The Apple Revolution Steve Jobs, the Counter Culture, and How the Crazy Ones Took Over the World by Luke Dormehl review. Available http//www.guardian.co.uk/books/2012/aug/10/apple-revolution-luke-dormehl-review. Last accessed 18th Dec 2012. Scania official web site. (2012). History. Available http//www.scania.co.uk/about-scania/history/. Last accessed 22nd Dec 2012

Current situation of the coffee industry

Current situation of the drinking chocolate industry1Coffee is mavin of the cosmoss most valuable assets and at least 25 million people round the world base their livelihood on their turnout. Most of these producers be small-scale farmers in the developing world, despite the extent of drinking chocolate consumption takes place in the United States and EuropeOver the last twenty five years of the last century, developing countries make water been incited to follow export-oriented economy models as a manner to increase living standards of their citizens. With this model, countries have opened their economies sphericly, boosting international trade and investments, and expanding their exports with the objective of earning foreign exchange. These strategies try to substitute older models base on import-replacement, which proposed that developing countries should trim back protectionism measures in order to protect their domestic economies by controlling investments and externa l trade.At face value, specializing in exporting umber seems to be a near strategy for developing countries, knowing that they have the perfect conditions to grow coffee crops and taking the advantage that richer countries ar not competitive in this field, but they ar very interested in purchasing the product as they earn considerable profits of its distribution and consumption. However, the global coffee industry has become a nightmare as the world prices have dampened, which have an important impact on livelihoods of those countries.Why has this happened, and how is change developing countries?CURRENT SITUATION2The current crisis is the modish and most dramatic in a long history of industry ups and downs. Coffee prices have plummeted to 30-years lows. (See appendix 2)Coffee, which is produced in over 50 developing countries, is one of the sworlds most important commodities exports. It makes an important contribution to development sociostinting and poverty alleviation as wel l as its economic importance is based on exportation, several(prenominal) of represent more than thehalf of their export earnings. Moreover, a cup of coffee in any neighborhood in New York or Paris can reach the $ 3.60 price. That same cup of coffee, a coffee farmer in the Andes of South America or Southeast Asia receives only 24 cents, a paltry 7% which, of course, does not even cover the cost of production or the basic needs of collectors. This are the most direct consequences of a crisis in the last two years which has sunk into poverty over 25 million people, while the coffee trade of the four big multinationals (Nestle, kraft paper Foods, Procter Gamble and Sara Lee) has curbed their economic growth.Therefore, it is not a trivial matter it is actually the major source of foreign exchange for several countries. The current crisis is directly affecting some 20 million families living in the area where the center of all growing and production, between the Tropics of Cancer and C apricorn, and depend on impress as their main source of income. Moreover, the United Nations initiation Food Program launched an emergency operation to assist 155,000 people in Guatemala, where a severe drouth that killed subsistence crops coincided with low coffee prices.CAUSESCoffee prices are at the alarming and the specialty coffee industry is in a crisis. In addition, most industry experts annunciate that will not improve in the near future. At the root of the current crisis is an oversupply of coffee on world securities industrys. Since 1990, coffee production worldwide has increased by 15 percent, exceeding consumption by two folds. This increase was precipitated by new producers entering the food market, most notably Vietnam (see appendix 3). detainment in mind that coffee production in Vietnam is not really traditional, in 1987. The Vietnamese were at the beginning just consumers. notwithstanding the access to the plant of cosmicst producer of robusta type of coff ee is actually the result of a governmental will, encouraged by the World Bank. As one of the most disadvantage countries in Asia, Vietnam saw in the business concern the chance to expand its economy and as a way to introduce valuable foreign exchange. Furthermore, it provided an opportunity to encourage economic expansion in relatively disadvantage areas. However, coffee production has surged in other countries as well. The reason for this relate to some complex technical, economic and political factors.In addition, during the last decade productivity of coffee trees increased beca aim of enhanced agricultural practice. Moreover, many countries increased their lands in order to specialize in coffee production. 2The reasons for this is different from country to country, liberalization of trade in coffee, improvingbetter transportation and communication on production data, prices and inventoriesincrease security of supply World domestic food markets were deregulated, which encoura ged a general shift to export production and land previously reserved for non-agricultural production, for example forest areas, was brought into agricultural use through privatization and non regulation.Going a little bit further, the beginning of the crisis dates back to 1989 when the International Coffee Agreement collapsed, contributing greatly to the problem of oversupply. The agreement had been prudent for the restrictions on exports of coffee, without it, many producing countries sought to increase export earnings through increased production. Unfortunately, its success in increasing it led to a surplus that, actually, decreased revenues. Moreover, severe frosts in Brazil during the middle 1990s showed a temporary rise in coffee prices, before the basic trend kept on increasing until the present days (appendix 3).But all of these effects are not just based simply one of supply and aim. The connections between the associate of the supply chains that connect producers with consumers have also changed. Nowadays, coffee farmers receive less than 7% of the retail price of coffee in developed world markets the rest of the percentage until 100%, 93% is paid to importers, packaging firms, roaster and retailers. In part this reflects a structural disparity of commercial power in the global coffee system, whereby six international trading companies control over half of the world coffee exports. In these contexts, developing country coffee growers are in a very weak bargaining position.CONSEQUENCESThis downward pricing spiral is affecting infrastructures in coffee-producing countries where they are collapsing. There is no money to fix or repair roads, the cost of trucks is out of reach and distributing the merchandise is definitely a hard task. When small agricultural producers are dependent on some purchaser to sale their crops for a large amount of money, slumping prices have dramatic repercussions for those poorest countries who everyday fight against hung er and social vulnerability. In recent years aid agencies have struggled to bring awareness about these human repercussions trying to call the attention of policy-makers. These human-scale dimensions of the crisis should flow into national and regional economies. For a significant number of tropical countries, coffee is the major source of export-earning. The collapse of coffee prices, then, has destabilized the systems of whole national economies. Many of these countries are also seriously in debt to international organizations, and have had to renegotiate or even suspend the repayments of loans. In turn, the resultant debt crisis of developing countries is a major source of financial instability in the world.As always, the poorest countries are most affected, the business profit is becoming some of the poorest and most vulnerable of the world into extreme poverty, livelihoods of small farmers are world destroyed by international markets beyond their control.But not everyone is lo sing in the current scenario. While the cost of the raw material comes in a slump, some companies, particularly multinational companies along with several large coffee retailers, continue earning and existence profitable. Their market powers allow them essentially to dictate to their suppliers and take advantage of the lower prices. As always, poorest countries are the most affected, corporate gain is turning over some of the worlds poorest and most weak people to extreme poverty the livelihoods of smaller producers are being destroyed by international markets that are beyond their control.SOLUTIONSIt seems clear that one of the solutions to the coffee crisis passes to limit grain production to raise prices in international trade. This would be the theory in the context of the market economy. In practice, it has been tried it last year and received the denial of the Asian countries and Brazil. in oil.Experts agree that the coffee industry is undergoing major changes in order to go back the price-crisis prices. The entry of Vietnam into the coffee trade had important consequences the way to produce cheaper.Alternatives to the coffee crisis are in what some NGOs have called fair trade. If producing countries such as Vietnam has handsome 400% in the last decade is be capture their culture has focused on the logical contribution of new technologies. It is a commitment to diversified organic coffee, coffee quality associated with sustainable development and fair trade outside intermediaries, to improve the price paid to farmers and reducing the supply with further restructuring of the field. An idea that is far from being realized because of the illiquidity of the farmer .4The costs of producing differ from country to country, perhaps from 60 to 90 cents forThe worst hits are Latin American countries with relatively high production costs. These countries may try to find ways to cut costs or find niche markets that command premium prices, such as organic or shade -grown coffee that provides ecological habitats. But those options do not help everyone. Many farmers ultimately have to move to other more lucrative products.In the glitter of the current prices, farmers enough eventually be driven out of business, which will produce increased coffee prices again. That means another potential shortage affright in the future, especially for higher quality coffees are more expensive to produce. And this shortage can lead high enough to encourage overproduction, once again.It is not clear when this damaging cycle will repeat again, or even if it is going to finish. What is clear is that new and better solutions are needed to help the poorest countries that are affected by it.CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONSIn conclusion, the existing circumstances of the world coffee industry represent a crisis of huge human cost. The low prices being received by coffee farmers not only put in danger the livelihoods of people and communities, but add significantly to global inequality and its correlative to financial and political implications.For another point of view, the crisis also unveils the failures of export-oriented models which curiously most developing countries follow. What it can be learned at this point what is true for some countries may not be true for anothers. When one country increments its coffee exports, it benefits. But if all countries do the same, then the effects are to produce an over-supply of commodities and to cause prices to fall.The lives of smallholder farmers become vulnerable by depending on the conditions imposed those who dominate commodity markets, which in any case are structured in ways that voiceless power in a small number of transnational companies.And at least, some recommendations can be given Correcting the imbalance between supply and demand by increasing consumer in particular by improving quality in the world market and promoting diversification to reduce dependency. It is recognized that to ensu re market access for products alternative, there must be a substantial reduction of tariffs and subsidies to those who are now protected agriculture in industrialized countries. In addition, subscribe a broad-based rural development to enhance the capacity of local processing and producer associations, and also measures toimprove access to credit and risk management.Beyond these suggestions, the coffee industry should participate in programs designed to help reducing the effects of price shocks at the farm level. These efforts should include locking roasters in contracts with farmers for the coming years, as a way to motivate farmers to keep on producing coffee, for example, paying more for certain quality coffees. Simultaneously with the efforts of importers, roasters and retailers to create mutually beneficial relationships with farmers, producers have taken steps toward understanding what the market demand for its coffee.APPENDIX 1APPENDIX 2Prices of the coffee market (2003)APP ENDIX 3

Photography boundaries and uses

Photography boundaries and usesPhotography from its very beginning served in a beneficial manner to democratize portraiture, expanding its boundaries and handed-down uses. It no longer remained as an exclusive privilege of the aristocracy, the only class to afford it. By expanding its periphery, photographic portraiture not only complicated its function, moreover raised several intriguing issues in the new domains it spread to. By far, it complicated issues of identity and self-representation. Portraiture which was a means of re-asserting social status presently opened up questions of gender, sexuality, and ethnicity.So how did portraiture overcome its narrow boundaries? It is important for us here, to trace a brief tale of the creation of identity in photographic portraiture because our modern vision of constructing identities has important historical precedents. The development of photographic portraiture occurs at a unique point in history the time of the Industrial Revolutio n in Europe and America. It thus coincided with the ascendency of the middle class into the domains of finance and culture. The newly acquired wealth of the bourgeoisie was spent lavishly on all kinds of goods, mostly in a way to emulate the lifestyle of the aristocracy. Just as a king would inscribe his victory chromatography column with his achievements to stand against the tide of time, the newly emerging bourgeoisie etched their arrival on the photographic paper. It is to be borne in mind that portraits were always meant for public viewing and enter into a dialogue with the world at large, even up when they were limited to private consumption. Representing their opulent lifestyle in the portraits, the bourgeoisie at one cut could visually affirm their social status to the world at large, as well as pose a constant challenge to the aristocratic monopoly of signs. photographic portraiture during this time (mid 19th century) could basically be divided into the bourgeois family photo and individuals (men) of great success (not those who enjoy greater rights and privileges due to high birth). This understandably demarcated the private and the public sphere of the bourgeoisie. The middle-class ideals of the family and success were comprehensively treated in the photographic studios of the major cities where, the bourgeois body was situated within a network of cultural, social and ideological relations. Through these discourses between the body and the camera, a moral icon was being polite. There began to emerge a set of codes vis--vis posture, expression, lighting, dress, etc which were evoking a middle-class cultural ideal. These were aimed to be an inspirational and moral source for the working classes. It was in the portrait of the family that struggles over representation of gender and interaction between the sexes began to glitter its head. Although during Enlightenment there was a universal climate of liberty and equality and a general freedom for th e woman, it was contested by a large majority of male thinkers. Historically significant writings of Rousseau and studies in the Encyclopaedia of the latter half of the 18th century conclude on the basis of female biological dispositions, that women ar unequal but complementary split upner of men, the destiny of women is to have children and nourish them. The emerging middle-class reformers and professionals by the 19th century had consider the structure of family and pre-disposed social roles on the basis of gender, through the field of science, popular literature, sermons, etc. Let us analyze this photo belonging to the 1850s to further expatiate this view. A common Victorian elderly couple is be in the centre of the frame. The husband is facing the camera with a rather causeful permission which comes through in his intent vision. He is in the front, seated on a chair, and it is evident that he assumes full control of decision-making in the family. His wife on the separa te hand, comes across as a fragile dutiful figure on the back. It appears as if in reality, she is relegated to the background, almost without any assertive power in the family unit. It is this system of differences the camera captures that underlines the textured fabric of dominant social relations. The creation of identity in photographic portraiture is thus anchored firmly in a set of economic, political and social underpinnings. In the idealized Victorian family photo below, the family unit is presented in a ritualized display, oddly superficial in content and with the power structure of the domestic cult being apparently visible. The photo is of Sir Richard Strachey, a colonial administrator, soldier, botanist and engineer and his family engaged in a parlour game. In the other family photo, the male figure is seen to enact the role of the family-head, whose expressions and gestures are carefully rooted in the middle-class ideological terrain. The wife is a rather subdued entity . With hands-off children on display by their sides and bound to each other by cords of reciprocal love and obligation, the members of the family typified a whole new commitment to a domestic ideal. The space within which they were placed to photographed most often i.e. the photographers studio went a long way in reinforcing their social identities. It was basically a fancied space, with various props for various occasions. Carefully altered according to needs, it served as the bourgeois drawing room, the balcony, and the like they were symbols of middle-class recreation and leisure. Dotted with objects of art and cultivated taste, these spaces had the potential of conveying the bourgeois milieu.With the bourgeois coming into prominence and replacing the aristocracy of the Ancien Regime, it was time that photography brought into the domains of visibility those so far neglected, not represented those invisible. It was due to surveillance, almost, that the colonized subjects with th eir distinct otherness or in other words ethnicity, and the labouring classes driving the capitalist machinery, came into the visual sphere. One of the striking features at a glance is how these classes are represented they are made to confront the camera, almost come to terms with its gaze. The blunt frontality shows a complete lack of edification which is markedly different from the cultivated asymmetries of the bourgeois pose. This middle-class awareness, that the body when carefully positioned always served as a cultural and class signifier, explains why they were never in conflict with the camera. -How has then modern contemporary photography dealt with the issue of identity in terms of gender, the public or private self or even sexuality? One of the significant changes which had occurred through the passage of time was the representation of women in photography. Be it in the body of work or on private eat table, images of women changed radically being more assertive, inde pendent. They had over time, gained social and political rights and were enacting various roles at the same time the professional, the wife, the mother and the like. Thus representation of women in the workplace became an intense subject, especially during the time of Margaret Thatcher in Britain. But with unemployment rising to unprecedented levels during the 1980s, photography revealed shocking truths. It was found that women were mostly employed in low-paid professions or part time and faced several discriminatory practices with regard to class, gender and ethnicity at the workplace.In 1986-87, Rhonda Wilson presenting an oppositional view through her images, produced a striking series of work- drawing in heavily from popular imagery and signs and underlined with satire. In the photo below, which exploits the format of the beauty contest with sashes and higher pedestals, women with the worst weekly income levels are presented as three winners. They are represented in their profe ssional capacities with each one holding props related to their work. Their expressions clearly reveal the irony. Thus it brought to the forefront important questions of womens role in the modern society and also in the male-dominated workplace. It also revealed the sexual division of labour i.e. traditional feminine occupations being grossly underpaid. In another raise take on the subject is Debbie Humphreys project of the 1990s Gender Crossings focussing on relationships between the sexes in the workplace. The women in this series of images, have disregarded the so-called gender boundaries and entered the domain of mens work. These women blend in with their male counterparts and have strangely subdued femininity. In the image below, we see three employees in a typical office environment. At a glance, it is hard to identify that the central figure is a female due to her cropped hair, guardedly crossed arms to conceal the knocker and her typically male attire. The woman is f lanked by one male colleague on either side who seem to be quite comfortable in presenting themselves in the particular environment. Standing firmly these men appear as intimidating to the female colleague, whose posture and expression testify to the fact. The picture raises important questions of why the female has chosen a male dress-code. Is it to be at par with the men in the profession? To legitimise her presence? In any case, the power structure of the place is clearly shown.Issues of representation become more complex when this woman professional also has to run the household. In Jacqueline Sarsbys photo-documentary series on the plain labour she portrays this dual role of ordinary working women in small English farms.

Factors for Political Participation

Factors for Political ParticipationThe term political participation has a precise broad meaning. It is not only related to Right to Vote but simultaneously relates to participation in decision making process, political activism, political consciousness. Women in left elected countries have higher proportion of bureau in their federal parliament than women in Canada because In Canada there is less population as compare to socialist democratic countries. Moreover, females are least interested in parliament. In democratic Female politicians are much likely to con centrate on problems that matter more to women such as daycare, gender par, reproductive rights, elderly care and childrens welfare.Women turnout during Indias 2014 parliamentary general elections was 65.63%, compared to 67.09% turnout for men. India ranks 20th from the bottom in terms of representation of women in Parliament. Not only has these women politicians taken an interest in various policy issues. But it likewis e had been shown that they also govern differently. In Sweden 45 per cent seats are occupied by women in parliament. So far as the administration is concerned, there are only 592 women IAS officers out of 4,671 officers(Puja mondal).The demand for limited concessions and privileges along with the reservation of posts and other civic institutions are a few steps towards women empowerment in India Assemblies and parliament. Lyn Kathleen shows that American female politician have very different leadership styles from men. In her study Not only do women politicians take an interest in different policy issues, but it has also been shown that they also govern differently. Since the modern notion of human rights originated in a western women in Islamic countries in particular, find themselves in a quandary when they initiate, or participate in, a discussion on human rights whether in the west or in Muslim societies. Indian women have a distinction to give out UNO Secretary (Vijay laxmi P andit), Prime Minister (Indira Gandhi), Chief Minister (Sucheta Kriplani, Jayalalitha, Uma Bharati, Mayawati and Vasundhara Raje) and even President (Pratibha Patil).Furthermore, the limited empowerment that we have seen has been nurtured within the socio-economic-political empowerment process of people, including women, by means of the Panchayat system (Bagchi 2002)StructuralStructural barriers include the level of socio-economic development in a society and the percentage of women in professional and managerial activities. there is a direct link between the social and economic status of women in society and their participation in political institutions and elected bodies. Socio-economic obstacles include penury and unemployment, lack of adequate financial resources, illiteracy and limited access to education, choice of professions and the dual burden of family and a full-time job. Women take on a disproportional deal of household tasks which makes a political career almost im possible. Moreover, household tasks, taking care of the children and elderly are not al counselings considered as effective work.Institutional structuresBecause of their multi-level hierarchy and complex decision-making help to preserve barriers in such a way that proposals regarding any aspects of gender equality often do not reach the top decision-making level.In Slovakia, the electoral system is based on proportional representation on candidates lists, which means that women have (theoretically) a better prognosis to be elected. The position of women on the candidates lists is then crucial for their eligibility the higher a woman is seeded on the list, the bigger chance she has to be elected. In the 2002 elections, the share of female candidates seeded in the top half of candidates lists was 20.9% and the share in the top quarter was 17.9 %.( Alexandra 2002). Many women and men do not think that introducing quotas is a good idea. Men argue that it would be humiliating for women to introduce a quota system because our clever women can succeed themselves, and it would be against the basic human rights and equality of all. Women are skeptical of importly because of the experience with quotas from the socialist past, and because they believe that the society is not yet prepared to accept quotas.EducationEducation is the best way to understand the inequality. With the help of education they have better job opportunity and serve better their community. Because women have less access to education than men, their professional progression and chance to enter institutions involved in corporate politics at an operative level are reduced. Some societies and parents see their role in ego-aggrandising a full quality education to women as a privilege that can be withdrawn. The impact of illiteracy on the exercising of ones political rights has been the main method to reduce it. Women do not enter nontraditional occupations instead women enter nurturing or tertiary o ccupations which inhibit political life and the growth of self confidence. There is a mindset on the part of many men and women that a role in politics is unsuitable for a woman. pauperismPoverty is also one of the major hindrances for women to be involved in politics, namely, the disproportionate effect of poverty on women. Because of womens care giving responsibilities they often work part-time, which has a lifelong effect on womens in set about and women who do work full-time still earn less than men Whereas men who enter into politics tend to come from law and business and earning better. In addition, many women are discouraged by a lack of resources to finance their electoral campaign or undertake thoughtful initiatives. Often poverty also prevents women from taking the time for political involvement.Christy Clark BC MLA(2001) asked by several Journalists to explain how she could do her job properly as bucolic minister of education while simultaneously raising a new born chil dType of democracy is also important.Referenceshttp//www.yourarticlelibrary.comhttps//www.equalvoice.caBashevkin, Sylvia (2009), Introduction, in Bashevkin, Sylvia, Women, Power, Politics The obscure Story of Canadas Unfinished Democracy, Oxford University Press, p. 15,Bagchi, A.K.(2000), sangskriti, samaj,o Arthanity (in Bengali culture, society, and economics), Calcutta.United Nations Childrens Fund, The State of the Worlds Children 2004 Girls education and development, UNICEF, New York, 2003.

The Tyger Essay -- essays research papers

The Tyger Ana MelchingDoes god create both gentle and fearful creatures? If he does what right does he have? Both of these rhetorical questions atomic number 18 asked by William Blake in his poesy The Tyger. The verse form takes the reader on a journey of faith, speculative god and his nature. The poem completes a cycle of questioning the creator of the tyger, discussing how it could have been created, and then returns to questioning the creator again. Both questions about the tygers creator are left unanswered. William Blake uses rhythm, rhyme, and poetic devices to create a unique effect and to parallel his theme in his work The Tyger.William Blakes choice of rhythm is important to his poem The Tyger because it parallels the theme of the poem, that the tyger may have been made by god or another harsher creator. Most of the poem is written in trochaic tetrameter as underside be seen in line three, when Blake says, What immortal hand or eye. This rhythm is very harsh sounding, exemplifying the very nature of the tyger. Some of the lines in the poem were written in iambic tetrameter, such as in line ten, when Blake says, Could twist the sinews of thy heart? .Iambic tetrameter has a much softer sounding beat than does trochaic tetrameter. This implies the gentle nature of god, and if he could create such a beast. The last word of each quatrain is written in a spondee. This h...