Promoting sustainable resources energy to produce water in Saudi Essay

Promoting sustainable resources energy to produce water in Saudi Arabia - Essay Example The environmental damage is making the process more expensive hence the need for sustainable methods of water production. The country should thus shift their operations to sustainable desalination systems that can support the ever-increasing demand for water resources. Energy demands in Saudi Arabia From all the available sources, the current capacity of producing energy in Saudi Arabia is about 50,000MW and this keeps on growing with 3,000MW annually (Oil and Gas Report, 2013). This annual growth is relatively bigger when compared to other countries in the gulf region. The government of Saudi Arabia invests about 1,125 billion dollars to cater for the energy needs between now and 2018. In the year 2009 alone, the country used about 100 million barrels of oil to produce energy and this implies that they consume one quarter of all their oil in domestic uses. The demand for electricity demand in Saudi Arabia is expected to increase by 70,000MW in the next twenty years, and at this rate only sustainable energy resources can be trusted to drive the country’s growth and demands (Saudi Arabia Country Profile, 2013). The economy of the country is highly dependent on oil exports and if the local consumption is not substituted with other sustainable energy demands, their economic growth may be adversely affected in future. Water desalination heavily relies on the use of fossil fuel energy and with this rate of increased demand; their ability to export oil and earn revenues will be greatly jeopardized. The increased rate of fossil fuel energy production is not a sign of economic development but a sign of inefficient use of energy. Water uses in Saudi Arabia Saudi Arabia produces 24 million cubic meters of water per day and this represents about a half of the world-desalinated water in the word. Currently the country is building the world largest solar powered desalination facility to supplement the fossil fuel desalination. The country cannot rely on its oil reser ves since they have already used about 70% of their oil natural reserves and therefore are at risk of losing their water supply. The demand of water increases by about 8% of the water reserves and this number is expected to double in the next few yeas meaning the country have to expand their water supply (Energy Industry Report, 2009). Most of the water uses in Saudi Arabia goes to domestic industrial and agricultural use in wheat production but the country is currently reducing their agricultural activities since they prefer importing to producing due to cost effectiveness. Since the country is slowly phasing out wheat production, the paradox is that most of the farmers are turning to fodder crops that require more than ten times the amount of water used to produce wheat. This means that the country will still need more water for other small-scale agricultural production (Monads & Rehman, 2013). Benefits of large-scale sustainable sources of energy in Saudi Arabia If the country fu lly implements the use of sustainable sources of energy, it will help her diversify the use of energy for security purposes. The use of sustainable sources of energy would lead to reduced emissions of greenhouse gases, effluents and other wastes that have a negative impact to the environment. The use of susta

Potato Tuber Lab Essay Example for Free

Potato Tuber Lab Essay Introduction: Osmosis is a form of diffusion in which water diffuses through a selectively permeable membrane from a region of high concentration to a region of lower concentration. This form of diffusion takes place when the molecules in high concentration are too large to move through the membrane. Three factors that determine cell membrane permeability are shape, size, and polarity. For this experiment, it must be kept in mind that sucrose is not permeable to the cell membrane, for it is too large to pass through. The cell membrane functions to protect, separate, and regulate what goes in and out of a cell. It also allows cells to control their internal chemical environment and the availability of important materials. In a hypertonic solution, there is a greater concentration of solute inside a cell compared to another solution (water will flow from out of the potato cells and the mass will decrease). In a hypotonic solution, there is a lower concentration of solute compared to another solution (water will flow into the potato cells and the mass will increase). In this potato tuber lab experiment, the weight of each potato tuber after being sliced into thin disks and rinsed was taken and recorded. The potato disks were then individually placed in sucrose solutions for exactly an hour, each cup being swirled every ten minutes. At the end of the hour, each group of potato tuber slices was weighed a second time to determine if there was a change in mass due to the sucrose solution. The percent change in weight among the different potato tubings was determined in order to confirm or deny our hypotheses. My null hypothesis was that the potato would not be affected by the sucrose solution, the osmotic concentration would neither increase nor decrease, therefore there would be no change in mass seen. My alternate hypothesis was that the potato would be affected by the sucrose solution (final mass) by having a higher or a lower osmotic concentration than the initial mass, therefore there will be a change in mass seen. Results: The initial weight of the sliced potato tubers ranged from 4.4g to 5.4g. The final weight of the sliced and soaked potato tubers ranged from 3.6g to 5.7g. These results show that the 0.1 solution of sucrose was hypotonic, causing the sliced potato pieces to gain mass, as to where the remaining solutions of sucrose (.00, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5) were hypertonic, causing the sliced potato pieces to lose mass. This shows that the potato tubers were affected by the sucrose solutions. This conclusion is represented in the graph given below. Discussion: The purpose of this experiment was to determine the osmotic concentration of sucrose within the potato tuber slices. Upon coming up with the final results of the experiment, the osmotic concentration of sucrose was calculated to be .06M. For this experiment, an isotonic solution will have a molarity of .06M, as the best fit line hits the x axis at .06M. In comparison, a hypotonic solution will have a concentration ranging from 0 M to .06M, and a hypertonic solution will have a concentration ranging from .06M or higher. This caused me to accept the alternate hypothesis and reject the null hypothesis; therefore, the potato was affected by the sucrose solution as we saw a change in mass of the potato tuber slices.

Looking At The African Traditional Religion

Looking At The African Traditional Religion To discuss the question that Christianity should not influence African Religion, but that African Religion can also enrich Christianity, it is important to state what the two religions are and the misunderstanding that has locked up the two Religions. It is equally very essential to mention the concepts, which were at one time concrete to African Traditional Religion before the coming of Christianity in Africa. Therefore, in this paper, my major concern is to discuss issues that indeed African religion has contributed to the enrichment of Christianity In this paper, it is also important to discuss what Christianity and African Traditional Religions are all about. Therefore, Christianity is a religion believed to have been founded by Christ. Christ is believed to be the supernatural Son of God and mediator between people and God. He is considered to be the ancestor in Christianity belief. He is believed to have died and rose from the dead, interceding for human beings. Christianity is a religion that acknowledges the existence of the Supreme Being, God the almighty the creator of the unseen and seen things. This supernatural Being is called by different names such as the provider, just as he has been given different names and attributes in African Traditional Religion. Christianity is the religion that has practices and beliefs that are believed to be the teachings are well as the works Jesus Christ. It is believed to have been brought to African by the Europeans. It is a foreign religion in Africa from the western world. When the missionaries were spreading the Christian beliefs and practices, they used also their culture to dominate other people including Africans; who at the time already believed in African Traditional religion. As for African religion, many people say that it is not easy to define. It has made scholars fail to understand and explain it fully. As a result they have ended up defining African Religion using terminologies, which are misleading. They have described African Traditional Religion as magic, animism, primitive religion, ancestor worship and many more wrong descriptions. Nevertheless, African Traditional Religion is believed to be the oldest religion. It is believed that the beliefs and practices of the African tradition religion are indigenous that have been in existence from time immemorial for indigenous black African people. In other words, African Traditional Religion is part of the mental cultural heritage of indigenous Africans and are able source of identity and consciousness, morality and spirituality, in all spheres. It is passed on through traditional education done by elders of the community. Wilsons idea of educating that: Education involves initiating people into various forms of thought and activity in such away that they are helped to become better informed, more understanding and more reasonable. (Wilson 1971:1) However, Wilsons view is that traditional religious education by elders through oral or handing down of culture in Africa attempts to be as its set emphasis on keeping the tradition. The African Traditional Religious view on religion is not an influence from Christianity, but rather enrichment to it. However, African Traditional Religion is very essential in that it is universal, unifies and disunites and diverse in nature. Religion is human experience found in all societies in various forms. Holm (1975:7). States that a religion is vital, universal and that every human being has a form of religion. Her argument is based on the assumption that every person has farther concern in life. Therefore, a religion is not only about Christianity. Hence, it is important for African Traditional Religion to enrich Christianity. Despite that African Traditional Religion unifies, Africa being a multi racial, multi ethnic, multi religious and multi culture and belief, it enriches other religions like Christianity. Nevertheless, African Traditional Religion can play a role effectively as it assists to remove bigotry and fanaticism among Christians; it helps Christians to realize that human beings are equal and that they should respect others their ways of life and beliefs. Such realization comes about by African Tradition Religion objective teachings. In this way it can play the significant role of holding society together in the spirit of Ubuntu- which of a spirit of oneness, the spirit of love one another as yourself in the Christian concept. Actually the Religion is said to have no founder and has no sacred books such as the Bible for the Christians. The beliefs and practices of African Traditional Religion are said to have been handed down from generation to generation by both verbally and as well as by the practical performances as narrated earlier on. African Traditional Religion is based on communitarian kind of lifestyle. That is, living as tribes or clan and as extended families, hence there are so religious because of these many tribes or clans in Africa, but Africans themselves remain in union as they have common God to whom they worship. Despite having many religions, It is generally agreed that there is one African Religion because they have common and important beliefs such as the Supreme Being as already stated above. The Religion puts man on the center as a central concern, the universe, life, death and life after death. The religion does not separate believers from unbelievers. There is no demarcation between them. Everyone is welcome in the society because Africans are born into the religion. They born and live in it wherever theres an African, religion is there too whether in field, at school, at funeral etc. The religion has influence on all affairs of life starting from before birth of a human being through life itself and even after death. It is centered on life and how to protect it against misfortunes such as sickness, infertility, death and many more adversaries that can happen in human life. African Religion embraces Spiritual, political and social aspects of human beings. Its practices and beliefs are based on the faith of the ancestors. This is what makes African Religion a traditional belief. The beliefs and the concepts of beliefs are found in the idea of God, the creators of all things; the concept that has enriched Christianity. The beliefs are expressed in different ways from culture to culture but the same presence of God permeates the lives of Africans. God is believed to be a higher Being Personal with Feelings that he/she can be offended or be appeased. God is thought to be mysterious and he is named according to his manifestations, for this reason God can be referred to as Greatness, Holy, the Provider, and Healer, Protector, Deliverer, and many more attributes. All these titles reflect the same to Christianity, therefore no influence to African religion. It is believed that God can be communicated to through the ancestors those who have died, just like what happens to Christianity through Jesus. This is one of the issues which Christianity have misunderstood African Religion so that they have always wanted to influence African Religion. While at the same time they are the same valuable elements, which are used in Christianity. African Religion and Christianity are in constant misunderstanding though they are compatible. When Christianity was brought to Africa, Europeans thought that Africans did not have knowledge about God. They thought African Religion was all about worshipping of ancestors and that it was a primitive religion just as stated earlier on. I conquer with Richard Gehman when he said that we should not think that the missionaries were preaching the gospel to Africans whose heads were empty or may be to think that Africans are not aware of the existence of God. For example, in African religion the spirit of oneness has been a practical issue that existed long before. This deals with the African concept of the community. In Africa, nouns like cousin, niece, nephew, uncle, and aunt does not exist. In Africa, one may have many fathers, mothers, brothers and sisters. Brothers to their father are also their fathers, and sisters to their mother are their mothers too. That is how the African communit y is set up. Extended families are appreciated. This is what Christianity of the western world should do. Westerners who brought Christianity should embrace the extended families too, and embrace everyone as members of the same family. Oneness has no limit to nuclear family like Westerners who brought Christianity; it extends beyond the ancestral tree to clan and so forth. The Christian religion instead preaches of love your neighbour, which is enrichment from African religion of oneness. Moreover, there is uniformity in African religion. All what they believe in are the same everywhere, unlike Christianity which different in Africa and in the western world. The missionaries dominated African with their western culture to try to influence African culture. They coupled African Religion and culture with Christianity; hence the failure to harmonize the two and what has come out is misunderstanding. Like in the Ngoni tradition ceremony (Ncwala) of the people of Zambia, the culture of giving thanks to God for the harvest of the new crops is a long outstanding issue back dated to the time of our ancestors. This has been enrichment to Christianity, being given a name of Harvest Sunday. Africans in their religion knew that there was a supreme being who deserves appreciation. Hence traditional ceremonies like the Ngonis. The crops are presented before the Paramount Chief for thanksgiving now. And a Chief can be equalled to a Priest in the Christian circles, whom also performs similar duties of that of a chief; though through different mediators, ancestors for the African religion and Jesus Christ for the Christians. Misunderstanding intensify because the westerners came with their own ways of living and thinking together with Christianity as stated earlier on and tried to rob African religion. Despite the misunderstanding that has been exhibited between African Religion and Christianity it is important to mention that the two religions are compatible Though Christians think that African religion is a religion of ancestral worshipping, the African religionist have indicated that it is not about worshipping the ancestors, but rather to honour the ancestors just as Jesus is honoured What Christianity has failed to understand is the reason why African Religion venerates and not worships the ancestors. Actually African Religionists have said that we do not worship ancestors, we remember them and thank them. Veneration is honouring the ancestors and their spirits. This is one of the values, which are similar to Christian denominations like the Roman Catholic, and the Anglican churches do the veneration when commemorating the saints. These are believed to play a similar role as intermediaries and are believed to be closer to God who is the Supreme and Supernatural Spiritual Being. In African religion, life is perceived to be sacred. There is almost a feeling a divine imperative that life must be lived, is to be enjoyed and to be honoured. No wander both Religions believe that people continue to exist even after death and there is need to remember them as Mbiti said that as much as Christianity and African Religion are aware of the existence of God, they would also remain in contact with him through intermediaries. It is believed that the spirit of the living dead of those who have died in fourth to fifth generations ago became ancestors who mediate between God and those who are still living. Mbiti also explains that the natural relationship and the sacred status are included in this ancestral. In African tradition religion there is a very high sense of the sacred. There is a reverence of sacred places and persons, and it enfolds the whole of life. The relationship ties continue to exist. Hence they are venerated in remembrance of them as though they were still alive. Now Christianity holds the some similar belief that death is not the end of the relationships between the living and the dead. That is why there is the remembrance for the departed ones. This is what the west failed to understand why African Religion honours the dead. For example, the ideas of Religions about faith in the Supreme Being, ideas about morality and worship are concrete to both Christianity and African Religion. Unfortunately such concrete issues and many others have been neglected in Christianity whilst African Religion has been up holding them. African religion is actually being urged to enrich Christianity by urging it to reinstate the lost values. As seen in 1 Corinthians 14:36, Paul gives a picture of what an African would ask the Christians that the values of life can not only come from the whites but from Africans too. African Religion has something to offer the west as Peter. K. Sarpong states that; African Traditional religion challenges Christianity to re-appraise it self with regard to the main concepts which once were its pillars, but now are disappearing or becoming irrelevant Sarpong may mean that Christianity has lost very important elements needed for the better relation between human beings and God as well as among people themselves. Like what is happening today, homosexuality is tolerated among Christians who was at a certain time criticised but in African religion it has remained an abomination- a taboo up to today. Lastly, as a person born in Africa and attached to an African tradition, can proudly say that there is nothing that African tradition religion can enrich from Christianity. Christianity instead, enrich from African religion. And I have observed that there is some wrong perceptions about African religion practices that are actually in some form performed in Christianity, and just failed the other religion.

The American Education Systems Multicultural Perplexity Essay -- essay

The American Education Systems Multicultural Perplexity The American Education System's Multicultural Perplexity The responsibility of the American education system is the instill into children the knowledge and necessary skills to be a productive portion of the society. Numerous studies have shown that high school drop outs are much more likely to have a criminal record than those who have received their diploma. I think that the success of a society as a whole is dependent on the core education of the individuals who make up that society. If you can't provide for your family you will do whatever it takes to get the things you need. This is why it is imperative to create a base of individuals who are capable of sustaining a legitimate living. The school systems are supposed to be the institutions responsible for this education, but are they impartial in their methods? I went to a relatively small school in northeast Pennsylvania which had a predominantly low to middle class Caucasian population. There were hardly any minorities in the school system, and as a result the minorities there did not receive a culturally diverse education. It was much easier for the teacher to teach to the majority in the methods that the majority could understand. These minorities had to assimilate to our practices our fail. This hardly solves the problem of educating students so they can provide for their future families. Of course the minorities in the school are not going to be a...

Torture ever an acceptable method of obtaining information

Is torture ever an acceptable method of obtaining information ? BY Kvrm 234 Is torture ever an acceptable method of obtaining information? For most of us, our gut Instinct Is to say ‘no' and studies have shown that Information obtained by the use of torture is unreliable. However, imagine a hypothetical situation where a terrorist group has planted a bomb and the government caught one of its members.This captured terrorist will only admit to planting a bomb In a high traffic area. Would that convince you to use torture? Or what if a terrorist captured your family and took them to a secret location. Like the bomb scenario, the authorities have managed to capture one of the terrorists but he won't give up the location. Would you have any qualms about using torture to extract the information, even if that information might be faulty?Here's a news story clip about the effectiveness (or In this case the Ineffectiveness) of torture: It's become the conventional wisdom that the tortur ed will say anything to make the torture stop, and that â€Å"anything† need not be truthful as long as it is what the torturers want to hear. But years worth of studies In neuroscience, as well as new research, suggest that here are, in addition, fundamental aspects of neurochemistry that increase the chance that information obtained under torture will not be truthful. The backstory.The Inspector general of the CIA last month released a 2004 report on the interrogation of A1 Qaeda suspects. As my colleague Mark Hosenball reported, it and other internal documents (which Cheney called on the CIA to release, believing they would back his claim) do not show that torture worked. In fact, The New York Times reported, the documents â€Å"do not refer to any specific interrogation methods and do not assess their effectiveness. Scientists do not pretend to know, in any individual case, whether torture might extract useful Information.But as neurobiologist Shane O'Mara of the Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience in Dublin explains in a paper in the Journal Trends in Cognitive Science called â€Å"Torturing the Brain,† â€Å"the use of such techniques appears motivated by a folk psychology that Is demonstrably incorrect. Solid scientific evidence on how repeated and extreme stress and pain affect memory and executive functions (such as planning or forming intentions) suggests these techniques are unlikely to do anything other than the opposite of that ntended by coercive or ‘enhanced' interrogation. As you can see, torture is unreliable.

American Government essays

American Government essays American Government Government is the institution through which society makes and enforces its public policies. It is the agency through which the state exerts its will and works to accomplish its goals. Government consists of the machinery and the personnel by which the state is ruled. The type of government we have in the United States of America is a democracy.A democracy can be defined as a system of government in which supreme authority rests with the people. With this system of rule, the individual has a lot of power. The 1st,4th,and 14th Amendments attempt to uphold the sentiments of The United States Declaration of The 1st and 14th Amendments protections of free speech and a free press serve two fundamentally important purposes. One is to guarantee to each person a right to free expression- in a spoken and the written word, and by all other means of communication, as well. The other important purpose is to ensure to all persons a full, wide-ranging discussion of public affairs. This means that the 1st and 14th Amendments give all people the right to have their say and to hear what others have to say. Though the 1st and 14th Amendments guarantee freedom of freedom and expression, no person has unbridled right of free speech or free press. Many reasonable restrictions can be placed on those rights. No person has the right to libel or slander another. Libel is the false and malicious use of printed words; slander is such use of spoken words. Similarly, the law prohibits the use of obscene words, the printing and distributing of obscene materials, and false advertising. These Amendments protect the rights of an individual, though there are some slight Another Amendment that attempts to uphold the sentiments of The United States Declaration of Independence is the 4th Amendment. This Amendment grew out of colonial ...

Vocabulary Week 1 Essays - Language, Learning To Read, Lexicography

Vocabulary Week 1 Essays - Language, Learning To Read, Lexicography Vocabulary Week 1 Antebellum: Before war Antigovernment: Against the government Bi weekly: appearing or taking place every two weeks or twice a week. Circumnavigate: go around or across (something). Connection: Anything that connects Define: state or describe exactly the nature, scope, or meaning of. Discharge: tell (someone) officially that they can or must leave, in particular. Equity: the quality of being fair and impartial. Extraordinary: very unusual or remarkable. International: existing, occurring, or carried on between two or more nations. Introduce: bring (something, especially a product, measure, or concept) into use or operation for the first time. Malnourished: suffering from malnutrition. Misconception: a view or opinion that is incorrect because it is based on faulty thinking or understanding. Non Existent: not existing, or not real or present. Postgame: After the game Pregame: Before the game Semicircle: Half a circle Subway: an underground electric railroad. Superhero: a benevolent fictional character with superhuman powers Synergy: the interaction or cooperation of two or more organizations Triangle: Three sides of a triangle Unbelievable: not able to be believed Vocabulary Week 2 Anarchy: a state of disorder due to absence or non-recognition of authority. Haggard: Always exhausted or tired Homicide: Murder Musician: Professional music player Adrenalitis: Inflammation of the adrenal gland. Aquamarine: a precious stone consisting of a light bluish-green variety of beryl. Audible: capable of being heard Antebellum: Before war Capacity: the ability to hold Decide: To cut off uncertainty Biodiversity: the diversity of plant and animal life in a particular habitat Autopilot: a cognitive state in which you act without self-awareness Export: sell or transfer abroad Inscription: a short dedication written in a book or engraved on something, Anthropology: science dealing with the origin, races, customs, and beliefs of humankind Dictate: issue commands or orders for Credential: a document that proves a person is believable Century: is a period of time equal to one-hundred years. Neologism: a newly invented word or phrase Adequate: If you have an adequate amount of something, it is either enough or just enough. Accede: assent or agree to a demand, request, or treaty. Dismiss: to send someone out Centrifugal: tending to move away from a center Bibliography: list of books Anthropology: the social science that studies the origins and social relationships of human beings Vocabulary Week 3 Homosapien: Human Kind Spectacular: Looks amazing Abduct: To kidnap Deference: Show respect Pendulum: A weight hung from a fixed point to sway Microbe: A germ Hydrate: Activated by water Photobiotic: Requires light to live Panacea: A cure for Illness Pentagon: Five sided shape Television: Watch TV from far away Video: Watching TV Omniana: Bits of information Excel: To surpass Polynomial: Many numbers Recycle: To use it again Hypochrosis: Lack of hemogoblin Pseudosim: A tendency to that which is false Neural: Nerve Craniatomy: Remove of the skull Hematic: Contains blood Proto Robot: Earliest form of a robot Polyphonic: Many sounds Monomial: One number Vital: Relating to life Vocabulary Week 4 Morph: Change shape Vest: Inside shirt Benefit: An advantage Corpse: Dead body Patriarch: Head of the family Noveu: French for new Punctuation: Ending of a sentence Eject: Throw out Diction: Choice of words Locomotion: Movement from place to place Adoxal: Without the right reason Amphibious: Capable of living in water and without Magnanimously: Generously Eulogy: Words of praise Endocardial: Within the heart Aerophobia: Scared of being in the air Orthodontist: Dentist that straightens teeth Verify: To check if its true Matriarch: Head of the family Mega Soda: Large Soda Populace: The people Sanguinary: Bloodthirsty Vocabulary Week 5 Vital: Required to live Democracy: Government of the people Stereotype: To fix in lasting form Alcoholism: Addiction to alcohol Recognition: The state of being noticed Surcharge: Over the price Alternative: Different Asterisk: Tiny star Dynamite: If triggered, it can make an explosion Chronic: Continuing for a long time Hypercritical: Too demanding Demilune: Half moon Octagon: Eight sided shape Autogyro: An airplane that can fly itself Contradict: Opposite Geocentric: Earth was the centre Heliocentric: Sun was the centre Thermostat: Regulates temperature Tetragon: Four sided shape Centimeter: 1/100 of a meter Bioscope: Measuring time Unison: All the sounds at the same time Decagon: Ten sided shape Stellar: Stars Amateur: Someone who is new to an activity that he/she likes

Topics in ethical dilemma when the choice becomes too complicated

Topics in ethical dilemma when the choice becomes too complicated Employer Breach of Employee’s Privacy Though technically being very hard to prove, the breach of employees’ privacy is definitely a punishable offence that must result in taking proper measures and penalizing the wrong-doer in an adequate manner (Duff, Smielauskas Yvos 2001, p. 14; Dossey 2003, p. 12). As Shaw explains, â€Å"privacy is widely acknowledged today to be a fundamental right, yet corporate behavior and policies often threaten privacy† (Shaw 2013, p. 379).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Topics in ethical dilemma: when the choice becomes too complicated specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More To secure the employees’ privacy from corporations, the principle of workplace privacy was defined (Ball, Daniel Stride 2012, p. 377). To solve the given issue, the principle of consequentialist theories can be used, i.e., the rightness of the employees’ actions can be evaluated only by its results. It is quite peculiar that the given principle contradicts the Kantian theory, i.e., the Categorical Imperative, which is widely accepted in other aspects of an organization’s functioning. Employer Breach of Other Civil Liberties Apart from infringing their employees’ rights for their privacy, companies also tend to cross the thin line between strict rules and downright injustice concerning other civil liberties (Rosembloom 2002, p. 58). As Shaw explains, in most cases, the given issue is manifested through making employees work extra hours without offering them additional payment. On the one hand, the given demand seems absurd. However, it should be mentioned that the given demand is often voiced when employees actually fail to perform their duties on time. Therefore, the demand to compensate for the lack of efficiency seems legitimate (Paterson 2012, p. 1). It can be assumed that the solution to the given issue lies within the boundaries of the Utilitaria nism theory (Shaw 2013), presupposing a compromise between an employee and a manager. This could be considered as another manifestation of consequentialist theories; however, in the given example, the well-being of all those involved is being considered, which sets the given approach and the Kantian ethics apart. Compared to Kant’s concept of good will, which is going to be considered further, the idea of introducing Utilitarianism might seem somewhat conflicting with Kantian principles, since the former presuppose that one has to take actions that will be in favor of both sides of the argument, yet does not specify that these actions must be taken willingly.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Agency Relations Being loyal to the company is one of the requirements that employees have to meet in order to retain their jobs, which, at first, seems quite legitimate. However, as Shaw notes, there might be more than meets the eye in that demand (Gallicano 2013, p. 222). As Shaw explains, â€Å"it would be morally simplistic to view employees simply as agents of their employers or to expect them subordinate entirely their autonomy and private lives to the organization† (Shaw 2012, p. 374). As one might have already noticed, the demand of employees’ loyalty echoes with the previous concern for the employees’ civil liberties. To solve the given dilemma, Kant’s principle of good will (Shaw 2013, p. 74) should be introduced. Unlike the consequentialist approach, which focuses on the outcomes rather than on the intentions, Kant’s ethics allows for reconciling with the principles of ethics and making a conscious choice, which is extremely important for ethical growth. Childcare and Maternity Leave While discrimination is a hideous phenomenon that does not have the right to exist, it still has certain arguments to be b ased on. One of the key arguments in gender profiling concerns the myth that married women are more devoted to their families than they are to their jobs and, as a result, perform worse than men. A truly weird logical twist, it leads to the employers’ fear that their female workers will sooner or later have children, engage into childcare and household and stop caring about the quality of their work. As a result, once a female worker declares that she is going to take a short hiatus while she deals with childcare or is pregnant, an employer is most likely to consider this woman a number one candidate for being dismissed. To fight the given type of discrimination, another peculiar strategy has been developed. According to what Show says, in most companies, a paid leave is offered so that women could feel better. However, in many respects, the given issue can be related to the theory of egoism (Shaw 2013, p. 65), which employers clearly follow by pursuing their own interests in stead of the ones of their employees. Gender Discrimination in the Workplace The way in which the given problem is suggested to be approached can be defined as the efficient use of consequentialist theories. Indeed, when considering the given approach closer, one will inevitably notice the fact that in the given case, financial reward is being offered to the victims of discrimination.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Topics in ethical dilemma: when the choice becomes too complicated specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The given method contradicts the basic postulates of Utilitarianism and Kant’s ethics, which teaches to choose the methods leaving both sides of the argument consent. In the given case the employer is clearly being left to pay for the moral damage of the employees. Hence, at least one side of the conflict is supposed to pay for its mistakes. However, the idea of offering the staff a material compens ation of their suffering can be seen as an attempt to compromise, since, in the worst case scenario, i.e., the employee leaving, the company is going to suffer even more. There is no secret that women are often underestimated in the business world. Despite the fact that it has been quite long since the feminist movement started and that a number of steps have been taken to promote equality in the relationship between men and women, the latter being often underpaid (Coleman 2000, p. 38) and facing the glass ceiling problem (Bosse Taylor 2012, 52). However, according to what Shaw says, there is a possible way out of the given dead end. By adopting the so-called comparable worth strategy, one can possibly avoid the instances of gender profiling in the workplace. As Shaw explains, the given principle presupposes that women and men are paid equality for doing not only the same job, but also different jobs involving the same amount of skill and qualification (Shaw 2013, p. 395). The chos en method is quite legitimate from the position of Kantian and Utilitarianism ethics. Indeed, the elements of Categorical Imperative, i.e., treating the opponents the way in which one wishes to be treated, is an obvious addition to the policy towards women. Age Discrimination Another deplorable aspect of inequality within a contemporary society, age discrimination occurs when a specific age group is in the minority and, therefore, can easily be headed against younger employees as well as the senior ones. While the given problem is quite hard to address properly due to the obvious arguments of the discrimination proponents concerning the inefficiency of either â€Å"too old† or â€Å"too young† employees, it is still possible to solve once the proper strategy is utilized (Hatch Hall 2003, p. 65).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More According to Shaw, the given issue can be solved by adopting the principles of consequentialist approach. In other words, for Shaw, the ends justify the means. The given principle, however, can also be viewed through the lens of Kantian theory of Categorical Imperative, according to which, every opponent must be treated in the same way as one wishes to be treated by his/her opponents. Reference List Ball, K Daniel, E M Stride, C 2012, ‚Dimensions of employee prinacy: an empirical study‘, Information Technology and People, vol. 25 no. 4, pp. 376–394. Bosse, D A Taylor, P L 2012, ‘The second glass ceiling impedes women entrepreneurs’, Journal of Applied Management and Entrepreneurship, vol. 17. No. 1, pp. 52–67. Coleman, M S 2000, ‘Undercpounted and underpaid heroines’, Working USA, vol. 3 no. 5, pp. 37–65. Duff, W M, Smielauskas, W Yvos, H 2001, ‘Protecting privacy’, Management Journal, vol. 35 no. 2, pp. 14â €“30. Dossey, L 2013, ‘Privacy,’ Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine, vol. 9 no. 3, pp. 12–120. Gallicano, T D 2013, ‘Relationship management with the Millenial generation of public relations agency employees’, Journal of Public Relaitons, vol. 24 no. 3, p. 222. Hatch, D D Hall, G E 2003, ‘Age discrimination in benefits among older employees’, Workforce, vol. 83 no. 5, p. 65. Paterson, J 2012, ‘Civil liberties under fire’, Institute of Public Affairs Review, vol. 64 no. 4, p. 1. Rosembloom, D H 2002, ‘Public administration and civil liberties’, Public Administration Review, vol. 62 no. S1, p. 58. Shaw, B 2013, ‘Normative theories of ethics’, in B Shaw (eds), Moral issues in business, Cengage Learning, Stamford, CT, pp. 58–114.

Wyeth vs. Levine court case Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Wyeth vs. Levine court case - Research Paper Example This began in April, 2000 when the complainant suffered from nausea that was reportedly caused by a migraine headache. She decided to seek medical treatment from a health clinic. Here, she was injected two doses of phenergan, a drug that is manufactured by Wyeth. During the first administration, the drug was given through intramuscular injection. This according to the label, this was the most preferable method. However, her nausea persisted and to counter this, she was given another dose through IV push. In this, drugs are administered directly into the patient’s vein in a bid to promote fast relief. Accidentally, it was administered into Levine’s vein and thus causing irreversible gangrene. Consequently, her forearm as well as right arm was amputated. She began by settling the matter with the clinic and then proceeded to sue the manufacturer for negligence as well as strict liability in a court of law. In this, she alleged that the manufacturer failed to provide critical information regarding the negative implications associated with the IV push administration method. A judge overseeing this case ruled in favor of the complainant. This decision was further affirmed by the supreme court of Vermont. In this case, Levine argued that the information provided by the label did not address the effects of the IV push methodology. Although it placed great emphasis on the relative gangrene risk that could stem from an inadvertent intra-arterial injection, the respective label did not offer any information regarding the concept of IV push. Further, it did not provide any information related to the prohibition of this method og administration. Levine’s insisted that the company had the responsibility of providing this important information by labeling the drug through ‘Changes Being Effected’ provisions. These according to Constance and Savage all drug manufacturers to add any new safety related information to a

Monopolistic Competition. Concept, Advantages and Limitations Essay

Monopolistic Competition. Concept, Advantages and Limitations - Essay Example These factors could be the brand name, brand personality, quality etc. Examples of firms competing in the monopolistic market are clothing brands, restaurants, and other service industries. This kind of competition is termed as monopolistic because each firm has its unique position in the market despite the presence of several other competitors. They usually have a loyal customer base that comprises of people who are not frequent switchers. Switching is generallyassociated with some sort of dissonance occurring in the whole buying experience and customers are generally indifferent to small price fluctuations. As far as the market is concerned, it has certain key characteristics including: presence of many firms selling the same commodity with a slightvariance also known as a Unique Selling Proposition (USP) that makes them stand out amongst the market clutter. Product may have substitutes but the exact identical cannot be present due to its unique differentiating factors that are not based on prices. Customers have lesser control over prices as compared to the producers. Prices are also unlikely to be influenced by the competition. Market leadership can be attained but by a small margin and on the basis of captured market share. There are no serious barriers to entry as compared to other market competition types. Production is usually lesser than the capacity and is based on carefully calculated demand. There are several problems associated with monopolistic competition that have been identified by several economists. Firstly, this form of competition will lead to no economic profits in the long run. This is because here are likely to be more market runners after some years and they will offer better incentives or differentiating factors if the current... This paper offers a comprehensive theoretic analysis of the monopolistic competition, as a type of economic market. The limitations of that type of market, as well as its advantages and disadvantages to producers, customers and the economy as a whole are considered. Monopolistic competition refers to several different market players with unique differentiating factors The firms operating in monopolistic competition are also inefficient as they do not produce at the optimum level. Inefficiency, in economic terms, means that the available resources are not use at the optimal bringing down the chances of incurring lower cost with every marginal product. This form of competition will lead to no economic profits in the long run. This is because here are likely to be more market runners after some years and they will offer better incentives or differentiating factors if the current firms do not invest heavily in product research and revamping. This, too, will be an addition to the costs and in the long run, the convenient and inevitable influx of new competition will result in minimal or no economic profits. In order to minimize future losses and build customer loyalty , focus should be on the quality management and customer service as advertising and marketing campaigns, packaging and ambiance stay for some time until a prospective market leader enters the picture and replicates it. Negative aspect of monopolistic competition is that firms engage in misleading advertising and focus less on quality control after sometime.

Best Buy Brings Diversity to the Geek Squad Essay

Best Buy Brings Diversity to the Geek Squad - Essay Example Also, the coloured people and women in the contemporary society have an almost equal access to education opportunities and skill enhancement institutions and organizations. In that context, racial and gender diversity has an important role to play in the employees’ motivation and training. On the one side it teaches the managers to be respectful towards and sensitive to the needs and expectations of the customers affiliated to the racial minorities and the women. This is pragmatic as these customer segments do have at their disposal, ample buying and decision making power and their choices do have the power to influence the profitability and sustenance of the companies. On the other side, being cognizant of racial and gender diversity issues allows the companies to benefit from the talent of the employees who are coloured or happen to be women. 2. Sensitivity to racial diversity and diversity issues is not something that can be imposed superficially, but rather a skill that is acquired through understanding and awareness.

Gallipoli - the movie Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Gallipoli - the movie - Essay Example However, this battle just marked a beginning of a stream of others at different battlefields such as within Belgium and France. The historical World War 1 broke in the year 1914 with two, main opposing alliances of nations. By the fact that Austria was a member to the British Empire, most Australians supported the battle of land. Many Australian men volunteered to fight the war in support of the Britain and were ferried overseas for training the British side opted to support Russia in order to defeat Turkey through which they would be in a position to weaken Germany (Commonwealth of Australia, 2005 p. 1-2). Through this, the trainees interacted with other cultures and thus learnt to appreciate diversity. During the World War 1, April 25 of 1915 marked a memorable occurrence when the troops of Australia were deployed to the peninsula of Gallipoli in order to secure it strategically for the ease of taking victory from their counters who also eyed the battle field. The site was importan t for the battle as it commanded good way for supplies through the sea and also as attacking points with the security of rocky cliffs and long range of viewership. The battle at Gallipoli is interpreted to have given the people of Australia a chance to come out for the world to note on her morals and honor, and to display her sovereignty as an independent state. It is sure that the battle at Gallipoli stuck to the history of this country, not only to the relatives that lost their loved ones but also to the country as a whole; for through the war and the campaign, the young Australian men were presented with a rare opportunity to showcase their patriotism, a chance that would have never been provided. As depicted from the movie, the young men got a chance to travel wide and far and interact with various cultures different from their indigenous one. The movie, which was done for a reminder of the historic war serves to remind the people of the strong will, the bond of fraternity as we ll as the thrilling strength with which the men fought for defense of their national heritage; their land. The young men fought relentlessly even when nothing else faced them but death, they would not turn back. Together with thousands of other strong willed soldiers, thousands of young men surrendered their lives for the sake of patriotism. Though with bitter memories of pain and loss, the name Gallipoli as adopted and used by the Australians means pride, honor as well as glory of the many young men who surrendered their lives for the sake of future generations in Australia. As historians reveal, the sheer horror that faced the Australian at Gallipoli, their spirit in determination would not stop them from their mission; standing for their nation (Anon, nd, p.2). Therefore, these along others formed the basis through which the social benefits emanating from the war are persistently seen many years after the horror. Australia underwent through major reforms within the period of 1980 to 1990. The major thematic provisions of the movie as set in the 1980s are the development of a country which innocence is evident through the setting of early 1900 before and during the World War 1. The coming of age of the country is seen through the depicted imagery of the gradual loss of innocence of the Australian soldiers who

Benjamin Franklin Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Benjamin Franklin - Essay Example Benjamin Franklin reflected that culture through his life and this reflection of cultural and national pride of the Americans is evident in The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin. It is clear that the cultural pride of the nation and its citizens has been so natural in the system that it is found the hardest element in life to live away from. Franklin explains this notion in the work when at the end of discussion on a long list of the desirable qualities of life that can be achieved through practice. Thus, when the Americans are hurt on their cultural pride, the natural outcome of every such attempt has been revolt which has been expressed through the historical events such as those touching the national consciousness and provincial thinking. â€Å"In reality, there is, perhaps, no one of our natural passions so hard to subdue as pride. Disguise it, struggle with it, beat it down, stifle it, mortify it as much as one pleases, it is still alive, and will every now and then peep out a nd show itself; you will see it, perhaps, often in this history; for, even if I could conceive that I had completely overcome it, I should probably be proud of my humility.† (Franklin). This has been the rule of life and that of culture that the integrity of every person, nation and culture is respected or the result will, naturally, be revolt. To find the origin of American provincialism, one may reach up to the days when the American people lived isolated from the disturbances of European life and this has been the center of their cultural pride and heritage. â€Å"Americans have long been proud of their pioneer roots, and have celebrated common sense over the pomp of aristocracy. This is just one of the more visible results of our founding provincialism. In fact, from the beginning, observers noted the salubrious consequences of Americas distance from Europe†¦ The ethic of rugged individualism is not

Insurance Industry in Australia and Acts of Parliament Essay

Insurance Industry in Australia and Acts of Parliament - Essay Example In essence, the insurance industry in Australia offers insurance services to Australians in three major categories, which are: health insurance, life insurance and general insurance. Moreover, the insurance industry in Australia falls under the financial services sector. The above three categories of insurance are regulated by different acts of Parliament. In accordance with Australian pieces of legislation, the major Acts of Parliament that regulate the insurance industry are: (i) The Life Insurance Act (1995), (ii) The Insurance Act 1973 and (iii) The Corporate Act. The government bodies that enforce the above Acts are: â€Å"The Australian Taxation Office (ATO)†, â€Å"The Australian Securities and Investments Commission (ASIC)†, â€Å"The Superannuation Complaints Tribunal (SCT)† and â€Å"The Australian Prudential Regulation Authority (APRA)†. This paper provides a report on how the insurance industry in Australia is regulated by the relevant Acts of Parliament. A law in Australia entails an Act passed by the Federal Parliament as stipulated in the Australian Constitution, Acts passed by Legislative Assemblies and State Parliament, Ordinances created in relation to territories, Australian common law and statute laws (Australian Governement Comlaw 2009: 1). General insurance in Australia The main legislation that regulates general insurance in Australia is â€Å"The Insurance Act 1973 (Cth) (Insurance Act)†. General insurance in Australia is divided into: (i) liability insurance, and (ii) property insurance. A further categorization of liability insurance has the classes of: worker’s compensation, motor insurance (better known as Compulsory Third Party (CPT)), public liability insurance, insurance for business and professional indemnity. In addition, a further categorization of property insurance has the classes of: travel insurance, home and contents insurance, and motor vehicles comprehensive insurance (Gray 2010: 1). Life insurance in Australia In the Australian insurance industry, life insurance is basically divided into the categories of: superannuation investment, life insurance and disability income insurance. The major acts that govern superannuation investment in Australia are: (i) The Superannuation Industry (Supervision) ACT 1993, and (ii) Financial Services Reforms Act 2002. The â€Å"Superannuation Industry (Supervision) Act 1993† is legislation on all the rules of compliance in the insurance industry. In essence, the Act looks into issues that involve: fund accounts and administration, enquiries and complaints, investments, fund management regulation and operation of the vast superannuation funds and setting up penalties for insurers who do not perform in relation to the rules stipulated in the Act. This Act registers all the superannuation trustees in Australian insurance industry. Additionally, all the trustees who seek registration must be qualified in risk management, financial and technology issues and have skills in management profession. On the other hand, the â€Å"Financial Services Reform Act 2002† is an Act that provides standardization in the insurance industry in relation with the financial industry. Essentially, it determines if a license to operate a fund should be given a particular superannuation fund trustee. The major roles of the â€Å"Financial Services Reform Act 2002† are, firstly, providing license to dealers who are to provide insurance services or products; secondly, determine

Gallipoli - the movie Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Gallipoli - the movie - Essay Example However, this battle just marked a beginning of a stream of others at different battlefields such as within Belgium and France. The historical World War 1 broke in the year 1914 with two, main opposing alliances of nations. By the fact that Austria was a member to the British Empire, most Australians supported the battle of land. Many Australian men volunteered to fight the war in support of the Britain and were ferried overseas for training the British side opted to support Russia in order to defeat Turkey through which they would be in a position to weaken Germany (Commonwealth of Australia, 2005 p. 1-2). Through this, the trainees interacted with other cultures and thus learnt to appreciate diversity. During the World War 1, April 25 of 1915 marked a memorable occurrence when the troops of Australia were deployed to the peninsula of Gallipoli in order to secure it strategically for the ease of taking victory from their counters who also eyed the battle field. The site was importan t for the battle as it commanded good way for supplies through the sea and also as attacking points with the security of rocky cliffs and long range of viewership. The battle at Gallipoli is interpreted to have given the people of Australia a chance to come out for the world to note on her morals and honor, and to display her sovereignty as an independent state. It is sure that the battle at Gallipoli stuck to the history of this country, not only to the relatives that lost their loved ones but also to the country as a whole; for through the war and the campaign, the young Australian men were presented with a rare opportunity to showcase their patriotism, a chance that would have never been provided. As depicted from the movie, the young men got a chance to travel wide and far and interact with various cultures different from their indigenous one. The movie, which was done for a reminder of the historic war serves to remind the people of the strong will, the bond of fraternity as we ll as the thrilling strength with which the men fought for defense of their national heritage; their land. The young men fought relentlessly even when nothing else faced them but death, they would not turn back. Together with thousands of other strong willed soldiers, thousands of young men surrendered their lives for the sake of patriotism. Though with bitter memories of pain and loss, the name Gallipoli as adopted and used by the Australians means pride, honor as well as glory of the many young men who surrendered their lives for the sake of future generations in Australia. As historians reveal, the sheer horror that faced the Australian at Gallipoli, their spirit in determination would not stop them from their mission; standing for their nation (Anon, nd, p.2). Therefore, these along others formed the basis through which the social benefits emanating from the war are persistently seen many years after the horror. Australia underwent through major reforms within the period of 1980 to 1990. The major thematic provisions of the movie as set in the 1980s are the development of a country which innocence is evident through the setting of early 1900 before and during the World War 1. The coming of age of the country is seen through the depicted imagery of the gradual loss of innocence of the Australian soldiers who

Insurance Industry in Australia and Acts of Parliament Essay

Insurance Industry in Australia and Acts of Parliament - Essay Example In essence, the insurance industry in Australia offers insurance services to Australians in three major categories, which are: health insurance, life insurance and general insurance. Moreover, the insurance industry in Australia falls under the financial services sector. The above three categories of insurance are regulated by different acts of Parliament. In accordance with Australian pieces of legislation, the major Acts of Parliament that regulate the insurance industry are: (i) The Life Insurance Act (1995), (ii) The Insurance Act 1973 and (iii) The Corporate Act. The government bodies that enforce the above Acts are: â€Å"The Australian Taxation Office (ATO)†, â€Å"The Australian Securities and Investments Commission (ASIC)†, â€Å"The Superannuation Complaints Tribunal (SCT)† and â€Å"The Australian Prudential Regulation Authority (APRA)†. This paper provides a report on how the insurance industry in Australia is regulated by the relevant Acts of Parliament. A law in Australia entails an Act passed by the Federal Parliament as stipulated in the Australian Constitution, Acts passed by Legislative Assemblies and State Parliament, Ordinances created in relation to territories, Australian common law and statute laws (Australian Governement Comlaw 2009: 1). General insurance in Australia The main legislation that regulates general insurance in Australia is â€Å"The Insurance Act 1973 (Cth) (Insurance Act)†. General insurance in Australia is divided into: (i) liability insurance, and (ii) property insurance. A further categorization of liability insurance has the classes of: worker’s compensation, motor insurance (better known as Compulsory Third Party (CPT)), public liability insurance, insurance for business and professional indemnity. In addition, a further categorization of property insurance has the classes of: travel insurance, home and contents insurance, and motor vehicles comprehensive insurance (Gray 2010: 1). Life insurance in Australia In the Australian insurance industry, life insurance is basically divided into the categories of: superannuation investment, life insurance and disability income insurance. The major acts that govern superannuation investment in Australia are: (i) The Superannuation Industry (Supervision) ACT 1993, and (ii) Financial Services Reforms Act 2002. The â€Å"Superannuation Industry (Supervision) Act 1993† is legislation on all the rules of compliance in the insurance industry. In essence, the Act looks into issues that involve: fund accounts and administration, enquiries and complaints, investments, fund management regulation and operation of the vast superannuation funds and setting up penalties for insurers who do not perform in relation to the rules stipulated in the Act. This Act registers all the superannuation trustees in Australian insurance industry. Additionally, all the trustees who seek registration must be qualified in risk management, financial and technology issues and have skills in management profession. On the other hand, the â€Å"Financial Services Reform Act 2002† is an Act that provides standardization in the insurance industry in relation with the financial industry. Essentially, it determines if a license to operate a fund should be given a particular superannuation fund trustee. The major roles of the â€Å"Financial Services Reform Act 2002† are, firstly, providing license to dealers who are to provide insurance services or products; secondly, determine

Philippine Culture Essay Example for Free

Philippine Culture Essay The culture of the Philippines is very diverse. This is due to the colorful combination of different nations with our country. Its culture is reflected by the complexity of the history of the Philippines through the blending of Pre-Hispanic indigenous Austronesian civilizations. There are a number of countries that have influenced Philippine culture such as Spain, United States, China, India, and the Arabs. The influences of these countries are visible in the various practices of the Filipinos up to the present. The Spaniards brought the Spanish language, Catholicism and other religious celebrations such as fiestas. The American influence is evident in the use of the English language and the presence of contemporary pop culture such as fast-food, music, movies, basketball and media. The Arabs and Indians brought Islam to the southernmost island of the Philippines along with their own customs and traditions. The Chinese brought trade and commerce to the country as well as their affirmation of the importance of respect and family. Society The locals of the Philippines are called Filipinos. Their primary ancestors are the Malays who came from the southeastern Asian country which is now called Indonesia. The Philippines is a combined society, both singular and plural in form. It is singular as one nation, but plural in that it is fragmented geographically and culturally. The nation is divided between Christians, Muslims, and other religious-ethno-linguistic groups; between urban and rural people; between upland and lowland people; and between the rich and the poor. Although different in numerous ways, the Filipinos are very hospitable and give appropriate respect to everybody regardless of race, culture and belief. Family In a traditional Filipino family, the father is considered the head and the provider of the family while the mother takes responsibility of the domestic needs and in charge of the emotional growth and values formation of the children. Children see their mothers as soft and calm, while they regard their fathers as strong and the most eminent figure in the family. Another particular trait of Filipinos is their strong respect for elders. Children are taught from birth how to say â€Å"po† and â€Å"opo† to teach them as early as possible how to properly respect their elders. These words are used to show respect to people of older level. Upon arriving home, conservative families expect children to practice the kissing of hands or touching their parents or elder family members’ hand to their foreheads with the words â€Å"mano po† as a sort of greeting. Within the family, the parents are expected to receive the highest respect from the children along with the elder siblings, as they are given the responsibility to look after younger siblings when parents are not around. Answering back or addressing parents or elder siblings with an arrogant tone are not at all tolerated in children. The children are also not allowed to leave the house without their parents’ permission. Upon reaching adulthood, Filipino children are not obliged to leave their homes after finishing school. In fact, most of them maintain their close relationship with their parents by staying at home at least before they get married. Moreover, Filipinos keep close connection with other relatives. They recognize them from the second degree to the last they can identify. Weddings The majority of Filipino weddings are now Catholic weddings, but some native traditions remain. Most have special â€Å"sponsors† who act as witnesses to the marriage. The principal sponsors could be godparents, counselors, a favorite uncle and aunt, even a parent. Secondary sponsors handle special parts of the ceremony, such as the candle, cord and veil ceremonies. Candle sponsors light two candles, which the bride and groom use to light a single candle to symbolize the joining of the two families and to invoke the light of Christ in their married life. Veil sponsors place a white veil over the bride’s head and the groom’s shoulders, a symbol of two people clothed as one. Cord sponsors drape the yugal (a decorative silk cord in a figure-eight shape) over the shoulders of the bride and groom to symbolize everlasting fidelity. The groom gives the bride 13 coins or arrhae, blessed by the priest, as a sign of his dedication to his wife’s well-being and the we lfare of their future children. Death Death in the Philippines is one of the most important occasions in family life, as attested to by a humorous statement that families have large reunions only during â€Å"Binyag, Kasal at Libing† (Baptisms, Weddings, and Burials/Funerals). Once a Filipino dies, it is traditional to hold a wake. Deceased men are dressed in the traditional Barong Tagalog while women are dressed in either black dresses or in their best dress. Relatives that are closest to the deceased are customarily dressed in black, and women use black veils as well. Caskets of Filipinos are often covered with glass, with the inner part of the lid containing ribbons with the names of the deceased person’s immediate family. Behind the casket is a crucifix between two candles. Flowers are often given in condolence to the family, with a message from the donor written on a ribbon attached to the flowers. Family members keep vigil, pray, eat, talk, and socialize with guests. It is traditional, as with the oth er aspects of Philippine culture, to be hospitable to the guests; this is done by offering food and refreshments to those mourning with the family. After the death of a person, a nine-day period of having a novena of prayers and Masses offered up to the deceased is held, although the beginning of the Siyam na araw varies, but usually ends the week after the death. Another period follows after death, the 40-day mourning period. Family members indicate their state of bereavement by wearing a small, black rectangular plastic pin on their left breast or breast pocket area. A ceremonial mass is held at the end of this 40 day period. Common belief states that the soul goes to Heaven after these 40 days, following the belief that Jesus Christ ascended to Heaven after the said period of days. The 1 year death anniversary is also a bit significant, as well as the subsequent birth anniversaries of the deceased. Many foreign relatives come to mourn the death of their lost ones. Death is very emotional experience among those close to the deceased. Values The Filipinos are known to be hospitable. But aside from this trait, there are many other values that the Filipinos possess which help them live harmoniously with their neighbors. These have also made the Filipinos appealing towards others due to their pleasant demeanor. The following are some of the Filipino values: Bayanihan is the creation of an association with neighbors and helping whenever one is in disastrous need. Close Family Ties are something the Filipinos are well-known for. The primary social welfare system for the Filipino is the family. Many Filipinos live near their family for most of their lives, even as independent adults. Pakikisama or harmony, involves getting along with others to preserve a harmonious relationship. Hiya is shame and a motivating factor behind behavior. It is a sense of social decency and compliance to public norms and behavior. Filipinos believe they must live up to the accepted standards of behavior and if they fail to do so they bring shame not only upon themselves, but also upon their family. Utang na Loob or Debt of Gratitude, is owed by one to a person who has helped him great. There is a local saying: ‘Ang hindi marunong lumingon sa pinanggalinangan ay hindi makakarating sa paroroonan’, meaning, ‘One who does not look back o where he started, will no get to where he is going.’ Amor Propio is concern for self image. Filipinos believe that how they present themselves to others is an important aspect to be accepted in society. Delicadeza or sense of propriety refers to sensitivity regarding the limits of proper behavior or ethics in a situation. Filipinos try to avoid even the appearance of impropriety. Palabra de Honor or word of honor is very important to the Filipinos. They believe that one must keep their word whenever they make a promise for the person to whom one has made a promise will count on it. Beliefs Before the coming of the Spaniards and the introduction of Roman Catholicism, the indigenous inhabitants were believer of animism, or the worship of nature. Bathala was the supreme god of the tagalogs, symbolized by the sun. Other Tagalog gods and goddesses include the moon, stars, and even objects such as trees, shrubs, mountains, or rocks. The spirits consist of aswang (ghoul), tikbalang, (a man having the head of a horse), kapre (a giant that smokes tabacco), tiyanak(resurrected aborted babies), dwende (dwarves and elves), engkanto (minor spirits), and diwata (fairies and nymphs). Food A typical Filipino meal consists of at least one viand (ulam) served with boiled or fried rice (kanin). Filipinos also regularly use spoons together with forks. They also eat with their hands, especially in informal settings and when eating seafood. Accompanying rice, popular dishes such as adobo (a meat stew made from either pork or chicken), lumpia (mat or vegetable rolls), pancit (noodle dish), and lechon (whole roasted pig) are served on plate. Other popular dishes include: afritada, asado, chorizo sausages used in pancit or fried rice, empanadas, mais (corn), mani (roasted peanuts), paksiw (fish, cooked in vinegar and water, some spices like garlic and pepper), pan de sal (salted bread rolls), pescado (fried or grilled fish), torta (omelette). Indigenous Filipino and regional cuisine include: dinuguan, kare-kare (ox-tail stew), kilawen, pinakbet (vegetable stew), pinapaitan, and sinigang (tamarind soup with a variety of pork, fish or shrimp). One delicacy eaten by the Filipino people but are reprehensible to some western cultures is balut (a boiled fertilized duck egg). Popular snacks and desserts indulged in are chicharon, halo-halo, puto, bibingka, ensaymada, polvoron, and tsokolate. Popular local liquors include lambanog, tuba, and basi. Architecture Pre-Hispanic architecture is usually characterized by using indigenous woody materials. The bahay kubo is the mainstream form of housing. It is characterized by the use of indigenous materials such as bamboo and coconut as the main source of wood. Cogon grass and nipa palm leaves are used as roof thatching, although coconut fronds are also used. Most are usually on stilts due to the frequent floods and rainwater during the wet season. Regional variations include the use of thicker and denser roof thatching in mountain areas, longer stilts on coastal areas especially if the structure is built outright on the water. The architecture of some tribes in other regions is characterized by very angular wooden roofs, bamboo in place of leafy thatching and ornate wooden carvings, especially on Mindanao Island. The Spanish introduced stones as housing materials. The introduction of Christianity brought western style churches and subsequently became the center of most towns. Colonial era architecture still survives in Intramuros and Vigan. Contemporary architecture usually favors western-style structures although pre-Hispanic housing is still largely common in rural areas. American style suburban gated communities are popular in the cities, especially Metro Manila and surrounding provinces. Famous Artworks in the Philippines EDSA People Power Monument EDSA, Quezon City The monument towering along EDSA was designed by sculptor Eduardo Castrillo in 1993. The structure was cast to serve as a tribute to the brave Filipinos who marched along the now-historic avenue of EDSA during the 1986 People Power Revolution to overthrow former president Ferdinand Marcos. Quezon Memorial Circle Elliptical Road, Quezon City The Quezon Memorial Circle, the tallest triad structure in Quezon City, was designed by Filipino architect Federico Ilustre. The three vertical pylons of this 66 (Quezons age when he died) meter tall monument correspond to the three major islands of the Philippines(Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao). Each is topped with a mourning angel holding a sampaguita wreath, all crafted by an Italian sculptor named Francesco Riccardo Monti. Housed inside the two-story barrel-like base is a museum with the remains and other priceless treasures of the late President Manuel L. Quezon. The construction of this Carrara marble-made monument was completed in time for the centennial of Quezons birth in 1978. By the mandate of President Ferdinand Marcos, the site was declared a National Historical Landmark under the Presidential Decree No. 260. U.P. Oblation University of the Philippines The University of the Philippines’ renowned landmark, the Oblation, is a masterpiece of National Artist Guillermo Tolentino. In 1935, Guillermo was commissioned by Rafael Palma (then University President) to craft a monument that would express in visual form the second stanza of Jose Rizal’s Mi Ultimo Adios (â€Å"Last Farewell†). The concrete statue painted in bronze stands 3.5 meter high (to represent the 350 years of Spanish colonization of the Philippines) on a pile of rocks symbolizing the islands of the Philippines. Funding for the statue was raised through a 2-month fund campaign that garnered P2,000. The model for the statue was widely rumored to be Fernando Poe, Sr. though there are sources that claim that the real model was Guillermo’s student apprentice Anastacio Caedo. Andres Bonifacio Monument Bonifacio Circle, Monumento, Caloocan City The sculpture featuring a 45-foot high pylon topped by a winged figure of victory was crafted by national artist Guillermo Tolentino in 1929. It commemorates the famous proletarian hero Andres Bonifacio with his revolutionary group, the Katipunan, fighting for the causes of Philippine Revolution injustice, suffering and resistance. The Supremo in his Barong Tagalog, holding a bolo on his right hand and a revolver on the other, stands in front of 22 darkened bronze figures at the base of an octagonal obelisk, the number of sides of which symbolize the first eight provinces that armed against the Spaniards. Other historic figures on the monument are Emilio Jacinto (the â€Å"Brains of Katipunan†) and the three hooded martyred priests (Gomez, Burgos, and Zamora). Leading to the monument are three steps which represent the three centuries of Spanish rule. Cultural Center of the Philippines Roxas Boulevard, Manila Standing on the 21-hectare piece of land along Roxas Boulevard, Manila is Leandro Locsins (National Artist for Architecture) envisioned edifice that serves as the Philippines national center for performing arts – the Cultural Center of the Philippines (CCP). This architectural work is considered one of the most significant landmarks in the country. Completed in 1969, the CCP main building faces the reclaimed land inManila Bay with its marble facade. At its sides are two arching columns beamed 12 meters from the terrace. In front is a large lagoon with fountains illuminated by underwater lights during nighttime. It houses four premier theaters, an ethnographic museum, galleries, and a Philippine arts and culture library. Manila Metropolitan Theater Padre Burgos Street, Manila The Manila Metropolitan Theater- located at the Padre Burgos Street was formerly Manilas premier venue for theatrical performances. Built in 1935, this art deco structure was designed by the distinguished Filipino architect Juan M. de Guzman Arellano. The bronze sculptures of female figures on the facade of the theater are works by the Italian sculptor Francesco Riccardo Monti. Inside, there are relief carvings of Philippine plants that adorns the lobby walls and interior surfaces of the building designed by the artist Isabelo Tampinco. It needed to be reconstructed after the US and Filipino liberation in Manila in 1945, fell into disuse in the 1960s, was partly restored in the following decade, and fell again into disrepair. It is currently undergoing renovation through Manila City government’s project to restore its historical buildings. The Transfiguration Eternal Garden Memorial Park, Balintawak, Quezon City The brass and bronze sculpture entitled â€Å"The Transfiguration† (1979) is one of Napoleon Abueva’s (national artist and Father of Modern Philippine Sculpture) religious-themed creations, found at the Eternal Garden Memorial Park. His other famous masterpieces that attest to his religiosity include the â€Å"Kiss of Judas† (1955) and the â€Å"Thirty Pieces of History†. Pinaglabanan Shrine Barrio Paraiso, San Juan, Metro Manila A major work of art by Filipino sculptor Eduardo Castrillo is his creation the Pinaglabanan Shrine (1974), located in San Juan, Metro Manila. Also known as Spirit of Pinaglabanan, the shrine is composed of three cut and welded brass figures on a 10 x 4.3 x 4.3 meter sculptured concrete base. This was built in commemoration of the first battle of the 1896 Revolution, which happened on this site. Filipino Struggles Through History (Mural) Bulwagang Katipunan, Manila City Hall One of the most striking murals of Carlos â€Å"Botong† Francisco entitled Filipino Struggles Through History (1963) can be found in the Bulwagang Katipunan of Manila City Hall. As commissioned by former Manila Mayor Antonio Villegas, this 270487 centimeter mural was painted in three panels chronicling the history of Manila and the Philippines. It depicts the panoramic episodes of the first great Rajahs of Tondo, the Spanish colonial period, the 1896 Revolution and other events up to the American colonial period. Also seen in this mural are famous Philippine historical personalities such as Jose Rizal, Andres Bonifacio, Francisco Balagtas, and Limahong.

Ideologies of the ANC and DA

Ideologies of the ANC and DA Ideologies of the ANC and DA that serves as intellectual foundation Introduction Ideologies can be defined as a system of ideas and ideals, especially one which forms the basis of economic or political theory and policy. Political Ideologies are the pillars and the foundation of any political party. It is important to have noble political ideologies in order to recruit members with the same beliefs in the party’s ideologies. In this essay, I will identify a few of the ideologies of the ANC and the DA by looking into their manifestos and also give a history of relationship ideologies has with election and a democratic country and also give my opinion on the best ideology as intellectual foundation that will make a change in the country. Ideologies In the book, Politics by Andrew Heywood, we see an Ideology can be defined as Heywood (2013:27) â€Å"A social-scientific viewpoint.† It is a â€Å"coherent set of ideas that provides a basis for organized political action.† When looking at this definition one could deduce various information on the political ideologies of the African National Congress and the Democratic Alliance. It is a group a people that forms a political party having a goal to make a difference in the lives of all citizens within the political arena. They also follows certain procedures to govern a country. We need to take into consideration that political ideologies has many facets such as Liberalism, conservatism, socialism, fascism and feminism as a few. Liberalism is the ideology of the Heywood (2013:31) â€Å"’industrialized West’ and portrayed as a meta-ideology. It is capable of embracing a broad range of rival value and beliefs.† In my opinion it would be a broad range of diversity that we find political ideologies. It is giving everyone an equal chance .It is a sense of equality. For example, Education for all. Heywood (2013:34) Conservatism has its key ideas based on â€Å"tradition-accumulated wisdom from the past† Conservative people are people who are prone to change. They expect society to stay the same, not taking into consideration that people change and make mistakes. Conservative people struggle to accept that â€Å"nothing stays the same.† Conservatism is found a lot in political structure. It poses many challenges and being conservative as an individual in a group setting in politics can sometimes be difficult. Heywood (2013:38) Socialism is to† abolish a capitalist economy based on a market exchange.†[1] Its key ideas are: â€Å"Community, Fraternity, Social Equality, Need, social class, common ownership.† Socialism relates to a society or an organisation. Socialism within politics strive to economic and political equality within the country and that all citizens are equal which is difficult because we all our diverse and celebrate diversity within our country. We all have our different religions and cultures and we are a different. A socialist is someone who wants to cultivate equality and wants to include every â€Å"creed and colour†. Other ideologies include Heywood (2013:47) â€Å"fascism: ‘new man’ a hero motivated by duty and honour and self-sacrifice prepared to dedicate his/her life to the glory of their nation or race and to give unquestioning obedience to a supreme leader.† Fascists are needed for people to believe that there is a leader that can lead the party in the right direction. Heywood (2013:49)Feminism-â€Å"it is more concerned with the reform of the public sphere that is with enhancing the legal and political status of women and improving their educational and career prospects than reordering private or domestic life.†[2]The political sector is dominated by men. In today’s society we see many females who are leaders. The rise of women played an important role in the upliftment of women. They play a very significant role in the country. We need feminist to bring equality of genders. We have a Minister for Women and children. Political ideologies-an introduction Eccleshall (1984:79) The ideology of conservatism: â€Å"If a society is to prosper, it’s political. Social and economic arrangements must be such as to stimulate and satisfy those with most to contribute to the common good.† [3]Politicians are needed to keep balance between all the facets of a country (the citizens, the environment, infrastructure etc.) the so-called business-man, the farmer and the man on the street is at a centre of equality. Geoghegan (1984:115) The ideology of socialism â€Å"is that all forms of socialism comprise three basic components: a critique, an alternative and a theory of transition.†[4] Socialists have a social responsibility to the country. Everyone to have basic rights and access their basic rights. It is that the political party can see the need and then assess the need and find possible solutions. For example: Taking the man from the street and giving him shelter. Jay (1984:153) The ideology of Democracy â€Å"is in agreement with ideology that states democracy denotes a rather different kind of entity, Democracy simply mean rule byof the people. Within this we have aristocracy, monarchy and oligarchy. Democracies shared many political practices in common.† A democracy simply means everybody. A democracy is a government that is governed â€Å"for the people, by the people†. Democracy can be seen as freedom to a certain extent. Democracy is what our leaders fought for, so that we can have equality. Democracy is a form of Ideology where people choose a political party to look after their interest in all aspects of life. Jay (1984:185) The ideology of Nationalism. â€Å"Nationalism is described as a doctrine invented in Europe which holds that humanity is naturally divided into nations, that nations are known by certain characteristics which can be ascertained, and that the only legitimate type of government is national self-government. Nationalism is a political doctrine and not a state of mind.†[5] Nationalists are South African citizens who have strong and firm beliefs in their country. Nationalism is a set of values and beliefs pertaining to the country. Nationalists can also oppress people as they only think of what is nationally possible for its citizens. They are loyal and firm believers in the country. Political ideologies of the 20th century Kohn (1966:133) Racialism: â€Å"the word ‘race’ is primarily a biological term and denotes groups of men differentiated by anatomical characteristics.† Many barriers exist because of racism. Racism exists everywhere, locally and even globally. In my opinion, racism can be oppression through colour, gender and religion. People are seen as â€Å"different† just because they do not have the same skin colour or do not believe in the same religious ideologies. Racism in politics is still very rife since Apartheid and beyond. Racism is the cause of inequality between citizens within a specific country. The biggest example of racism in our country is between the leading party (ANC) and the opposition party (DA).The ANC being â€Å"black† dominated party and the DA being diverse but mostly white. The DA maintains a good BEE balance. BEE is a racist attack in order to â€Å"rectify† the inequalities of the past Apartheid era. Kohn(1966:146) Fascism: †is one of the two great authoritarian mass movements which started in the 20th century in conscious opposition to the middle-class capitalistic civilization of the 19th century. The origins of the fascist movement in Italy are to be found in both the wave of disillusionment and the exacerbated nationalism that swept Italy after 1918.† [6]Fascism is when one leader can not fight socio-economic issues on his/her own and where inequality still exists. Fascism is seen as a mass movement. Political Science in Africa Science vs. philosophy: The Need for a relevant political science. Barongo (1983:17) When we define political science â€Å"the different branches of inquiry may divide into two group the empirical and non-empirical .Empirical seek to explore, to describe to explain to predict occurrences in the world we live in. Non-empirical had disciplines of logic and pure mathematics whose propositions are proved without necessary reference to empirical findings.†[7] In my opinion, political science is a study. And like any study, thorough research has to be done to obtain more information about the specific topic/idea. Every continent/country has their own political ideologies and beliefs because each country is different. Africa being the poorest continent has a tremendous job in order to compete/compare with first world countries. Although our continent is â€Å"poor†, we are rich in resources, especially in research. SA Politics: An Introduction The function of political parties in a democracy De Jager (2015:150-151) We see political parties for â€Å"representing the interest† of their members. In SA â€Å"there is a broad diversity of ideologies, cultures and history and thus interest.† The role of the parties is to ensure that all the interest of their members are taken into consideration. If members put a political party into governance (by voting), the members of that political party expect the party to look after their interests with in the party. The political party must look after the cultural, religious and social beliefs of the members. For example: upliftment within communities and extra-mural activities in wards where the political is in power â€Å"Socialisation and mobilisation: Parties can ensure increased participation of the public by integrating voters into a system and teaching them how and why to play the political game. Doing this they also inadvertently stimulate a sense of political legitimacy for democracy.† Mobilisation is getting a community to be self-sufficient. When political parties creates projects for the community to be self-sufficient. For example: Starting vegetable gardens, informing them about their rights. â€Å"Formation and Recruitment of political leaders: recruit and training political leaders. Not just the ANC has to recruit leaders but the opposition parties.† This consist of encouraging the youth to get involved in politics. It starts at school (debates, trips to Parliament) to inform the youth and make them politically aware of possibilities of a career in politics. In order for them to be successful, they need to have a passion for doing the right thing politics for people. Formation is important to form a youth league to train the youth from an early age. â€Å"Winning Elections and governing: key role of political parties in a democracy is to put forward their philosophies goals and election manifestos to compete for votes. The ANC has won all of the national elections since 1994 because it is very skilled at electioneering and has the largest base of social support.† Canvassing in the area for elections is a form of competition. Politicians say the right things to prospective members even if it is not true just to win votes. If enough people vote, the political party might be successful and win the elections. Many people believe that the ANC brought freedom, but ironically many politicians within the party have been found guilty by the public protector. The ruling party will be in control and hold most seats in government which works to their advantage. â€Å"Maintaining government accountability and influencing decision-making: there are two types of accountability: 1-vertical: emanates through the electorate sine the electorate knows which party is responsible for controlling the government. 2-Horizrontal: channelled through opposition parties which are responsible for systems (e.g.: winning the right to govern).† Jacob Zuma is our president and the leader of the ANC. We need to hold the correct person accountable for his actions. We need to know who will be responsible for the actions of government. Government acts on behalf of the country. The opposition plays an important role to keep the leading party on their toes as competition. The leading party has a lot of influence of decisions with government. They influence decision making as a party. The Ruling Party ANC. De Jager (2015:154) â€Å"The liberation movement celebrated it centenary in 2012. It is a movement that is born out of Christian values of equality and mutual respect led by an African middle class of lawyers, teachers, church ministers and doctors. The early ANC’s call for inclusion in the South African body of politic was as citizens of a common, non-racial society, informed by Christian and liberal conceptions of justice and humanity. The ANC has also been influenced by the ideologies of communism and Africanism, the different approaches of those who were in exile; trade union movements; and those incarcerated during Apartheid. The influence of these different ideologies and traditions continues to have considerable significance for the organisation, leading it to be called a ‘broad church ‘It also helps to explain why the policies and practices emanating from the ANC cover the spectrum from moderate to radical and from liberal to socialist. The ANC still does not recognise itself as a political party; it insists on being a liberation movement. Currently the party is torn between the values of its founders and those who seek political power for personal interest.† Nelson Mandela played an extremely important role in the ANC and the country. He was the forefather of the â€Å"liberation movement.† The ANC strives to keep his legacy alive. Although there was many controversy within the party, they still have some form of success. Julius Malema leaving the ANC led to a decrease in the party, although he left, the ANC is still the most popular political party. They member’s believe that the ANC can not do anything wrong in the political spectrum. The official opposition The DA De Jager (2015:155) The DA is the â€Å"culmination of a long time of political parties splitting and coalescing but its origins go back to the breakaway by a number of liberals form the United Party in 1959 and the formation of the Progressive Party. Helen Suzman played a major role in the history of the DA. The DA supports a ‘programme of non-racial democracy, a limited state, constitutional supremacy and market economy.’ The party is labelled as the ‘white party’. The primary challenge for the party is its growth as non-white members could not become public representatives pre 1994. The key resource for the DA has been access to government and the use of coalitions†[8]. The DA can be seen as the biggest threat to the leading party. The official opposition party. It is a strong opposition. They are the biggest threat to the ANC. The coalition between the DA and the so called â€Å"coloured party† the Independent Democrats lead by Patricia de Lille was one of the biggest political developments we have ever seen post 1994. The history of the party still classifies them as a â€Å"white party†. The DA is quite diverse. The Western Cape is governed by the DA and they are doing quite well here. Although they provide competition for the ANC, they do a lot for the province. The Ideologies of the Democratic Alliance â€Å"What type of society does the DA want to build? 1) The core concept of Zille’s DA is one of an ‘open opportunity society for all,’ which it counter poses to the ANC’s ‘closed crony society for some’ where a clique rules to accumulate wealth. For the DA, a competitive job-creating economy, supported by an efficient education system, are the main drivers of this society. 2) The DA’s education policy subscribes to human capital theory, which considers the purpose of education to be the production of skills for the market, and the raising of productivity and hence economic growth. 3) The DA aims to provide what it refers to as a framework for choice of goods and services, such as schools. The party bases their conception of choice on trickle-down economics; so, as global competitiveness drives economic growth and society becomes richer, its members will be able to exercise the rights and choices for services.† [9] The Ideologies of the African National Congress. â€Å"For more than a century, has led our people in their aspiration for a united, non-racial, non-sexist, democratic and prosperous society as the strategic goal of the National democratic revolution. To ensure all South Africans have access to adequate human settlements and quality living conditions through programmes that provide one million housing opportunities for qualifying households over the next five years, and providing basic services and infrastructure in all existing informal settlements. Improve and expand education and training by making grade R compulsory, eradicating adult illiteracy, and further improving the quality of basic education up to senior grade. The FET college sector will be expanded, with greater support for the needs of students, and compulsory community service for all graduates will be introduced.†[10] Conclusion As we can see from the above information, political ideologies are very important when researching political parties it is also important that the ideologies are in line with the needs of the country (that of the leading party and the opposition party) I agree with the ideologies of the DA as intellectual foundation because their ideologies are more universal and more realistic. All over the world and in all of history, political ideologies were used and accepted by potential members and loyal support of the political party. Various political ideologies should be used as far as possible within the party. Bibliography/Referencing list Heywood, A. 2013. Politics. Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan. Eccleshal, R., Geoghegan, V., Jay, R. Wilford, R. 1984. Political Ideologies:An introduction. Essex: Anchor Brendon Ltd. Kohn, H. 1966. Political Ideologies of the Twentieth Century. New York: The Macmillan Company. Baronga, Y. 1983. Political Science in Africa. London: Zed Press Plc. De Jager, N., Graham, V., Gumede, V., Mangcu, X., Neethling, T., Kotze, J., Welsh, D. 2015. South African Politics: An Itroduction. South Africa: Oxford University Press Southern Africa (Pty) Limited. http://africasacountry.com/the-politics-and-ideology-of-helen-zille/ (9 April 2015) http://www.anc.org.za/docs/manifesto/2014/anc-manifesto.pd (9 April 2015) [1] A. Heywood Politics (2013) 27,31,34,38. [2] A. Heywood Politics (2013) 47,49. [3] R. Eccleshall Political Ideologies:an introduction (1984) 79. [4] V. Geoghegan Political Ideologies:an introduction (1984) 115. [5] R. Jay Political Ideologies:an introduction (1984)159,185. [6] H. Kohn Political Ideologies of the Twentieth Century (1966) 133,146. [7] Y. Barongo Political Science in Africa (1983) 17. [8] N. De Jager South African Politics:An Introduction (2015) 150,151,154,155. [9] http://africasacountry.com/the-politics-and-ideology-of-helen-zille/ [10] http://www.anc.org.za/docs/manifesto/2014/anc-manifesto.pd